The Tourbet el Bey () is a Tunisian royal mausoleum in the southwest of the medina of Tunis.Tourbet El Bey (Qantara)
It is the last resting place of most of the Husainid dynasty rulers of Tunisia. Among those not buried there are the last two - Moncef Bey, who is buried in the Jellaz Cemetery and Lamine Bey who is buried in La Marsa. The building, constructed in the reign of Ali II ibn Hussein (1759-1782)Georges Pillement, La Tunisie inconnue, ed. Albin Michel, Paris, 1972, p.66 is the largest funerary monument in Tunis.Adel Latrech, « Promenade dans les tourbas de Tunis », La Presse de Tunisie, 28 août 2010 The first tourba of Al-Husayn I ibn Ali stands opposite it.
Royal mausoleum The building is topped with domes, the main ones covered with green tortoiseshell-shaped tiles, and the facades are of ochre sandstone, decorated at regular intervals by pilasters and Italian-style entablatures in light-coloured stone.Prosper Ricard, Pour comprendre l'art musulman dans l'Afrique du Nord et en Espagne, ed. Hachette, Paris, 1924, p.218 They correspond with the different funerary chambers inside which house the tombs of the ruling family and their wives, as well as of a number of their ministers and servants. The tombs, dug into the ground, are covered with marble chests ornamented in bas relief. The sarcophagi of the men have regularly-shaped columns bearing inscriptions, topped with a fez or a turban. Those of the women have marble plaques at each end, one of which carries an inscription.
Architecture and interior decoration The monument is entered through a large hall which shows a distinct Italian influence in its decoration, mixed with Ottoman style, notably in the chamber of the beys. The mausoleum, which comprises eight funerary chambers covered with cupolas, is built around two patios. These are covered in slabs, and surrounded by porticos which rest on pillars of Carrara marble with neo-doric capitals. These patios open, on each side, into a funerary chamber. Some of these chambers are also linked directly to each other.
The south-west side opens into the chamber of the Beys, the most important chamber in the complex, housing the tombs of thirteen reigning Beys. The chamber is square, with walls fifteen metres long, and it replicates the proportions of an Ottoman mosque: four large cruciform pillars support a large central cupola which is slightly bulbous in form and flanked by four demi-cupolas on the sides and four in the corners. The only other building with this form in the medina of Tunis is the Sidi Mahrez mosque. The intricate decoration of the room blends Italian, Ottoman and local influences; the lower parts of the walls and the pillars are covered in panels of polychrome marble marquetry to a height of 2.5 metres, while finely-sculpted plaster lines the caps of the cupolas.
The ceilings of the mausoleum, either vaults or cupolas, are ornamented with stucco in geometric or plant designs. Some of these are polychrome, with the richness of the colours denoting the rank of the people buried in the chamber. One in particular is surprising in its architectural form - a large oval cupola. The walls are generally covered with ceramic tiles in orange and yellow hues, some of which were imported from Italy, particularly from Naples, while others are of local manufacture, from the Qallaline workshops. The chamber of the reigning Beys is the only one richly decorated with polychrome marble in the Italian style.
Conservation
For around thirty years the tourbet was abandoned and even partly squatted for a time and its roof structures and rich decorations deteriorated.Tahar Ayachi, « Agir pour Tourbet El Bey », La Presse de Tunisie, 22 septembre 2008 In the 1990s the National Heritage Institute (INP) began restoration work and opened a ticket office to allow visitors. Nevertheless, it seems that the upkeep of the building continues to leave much to be desired. Care of this monument depends ultimately on the Tunisian Culture Ministry through the National Heritage Institute and the Agency for the Development of National Heritage and Cultural Promotion.Tahar Ayachi, « Tourbet el Bey (encore une fois !) », La Presse de Tunisie, 29 septembre 2008
On February 24, 2023, the monument was reopened after eleven years of closure and restoration work, which cost approximately 120,000 dinars.
List of burials Monarchs NameExplanationBirthDeathNotesAli II Bey17121782 Hammouda Pacha Bey17591814 Othman Bey17631814 Mahmoud Bey17571824Hussein II Bey17841835 Mustapha Bey17871837 Ahmad I Bey18051855 Mohammed II Bey18111859 Sadok Bey18131882 Ali III Bey18171902 Hedi Bey18551906 Naceur Bey18551922 Habib Bey18581929 Ahmed II Bey18621942
Other Members of Royal Family NameBirthDeathNotesMaamoun Bey17621784 Son of Ali II BeyIsmail Bey17591816 Son of Rachid BeySaid Bey1859 Son of M'hamed BeyMohamed Maamoun Bey18191861 Son of Hussein II Bey; Father of Habib BeyAdel Bey18311867 Son of Hussein II BeyLalla Znaikha1868Lalla Aicha1870Mohamed Taieb Bey18221898 Son of Hussein II BeyEzzeddine Bey18821953 Bey of The Camp (1943-1953)Sadok Bey18831955 Bey of The Camp (1953-1955)
Ministers NameExplanationBirthDeathNotesSlimane KahiaMinister of War17791838Mustapha KhaznadarPrime Minister18171878Mohammed Aziz BouattourPrime Minister18251907M'hamed DjellouliPrime Minister18341908Youssef DjaïtPrime Minister18301915Mustapha Dinguizli Prime Minister18651926
See also Bourguiba mausoleum Tourbet Aziza Othmana
References
Further reading Mohamed El Aziz Ben Achour, « Tourbet-el-Bey, sépulture des beys et de la famille husaynite à Tunis », IBLA, 1985
External links video of the interior of Tourbet El Bey virtual visit to the Tourbet El Bey Agency for the Development of National Heritage and Cultural Protection UNESCO site on the Tunis Medina