Haplogroup P1, also known as P-M45 and K2b2a, is a Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup in human genetics. Defined by the SNPs M45 and PF5962, P1 is a primary branch (subclade) of P (P-P295; K2b2).

The only primary subclades of P1 are Haplogroup Q (Q-M242) and Haplogroup R (R-M207). These haplogroups now comprise most of the male lineages among Native Americans, Europeans, Central Asia and South Asia, among other parts of the world.

P1 (M45) likely originated in Central Asia or Siberia, with basal P1* (P1xQ,R) now most common among individuals in Siberia and Central Asia.Miroslava Derenko et al 2005, Contrasting patterns of Y-chromosome variation in South Siberian populations from Baikal and Altai-Sayan regions Zgms.cm.umk.plE. Heyer et al., 2013, "Genetic Diversity of Four Filipino Negrito Populations from Luzon: Comparison of Male and Female Effective Population Sizes and Differential Integration of Immigrants into Aeta and Agta Communities", Human Biology, Vol. 85, Iss. 1, p. 201. A 2018 study found basal P1* in two Siberian individuals dated to the Upper Paleolithic (~31,630 cal BP) from a Yana river archaeological site known as Yana RHS. Structure

The subclades of Haplogroup P1 with their defining mutation, according to the 2016 ISOGG tree:

P1 (M45/PF5962) Q (M242) Q1 (L232/S432) R (M207, P224, P227, P229, P232, P280, P285, L248.2, V45) R1 (M173/P241/Page29) R2 (M479/PF6107)

Ancient and modern distribution P1* The modern populations with high frequencies of P1* (or P1xQ,R) are located in Central Asia and Eastern Siberia: 35.4% among Tuvan males; 35% among Nivkh and; 28.3% among Altai-Kizhi.

Modern South Asian populations also feature P1 (M45) at low to moderate frequencies. In South Asia, P-M45 is most frequent among the Muslims of Manipur (Pangal, 33%), but this may be due to a very small sample size (nine individuals).

A levels of 14% P-M45* on the island of Korčula in Dalmatia (modern Croatia) and 6% on the neighbouring island of Hvar, may be linked to immigration during the early medieval period, by Central Asian peoples such as the Avars.Paolo Francalacci & Daria Sanna, "History and geography of human Y-chromosome in Europe: a SNP perspective", Journal of Anthropological Sciences, vol. 86 (2008), pp. 59-89. [Access: Aug 24, 2017].)

It is possible that many cases of haplogroup P1 reported in Central Asia, South Asia and/or West Asia are members of rare or less-researched subclades of haplogroups R2 and Q, rather than P1* per se.

Population group Language family CitationSample sizePercentageComments Tuvinian TurkicDarenko 200511335.40P-M45 Nivkh Nivkh Lell 20011735P-M45 Altai-Kizhi TurkicDarenko 20059228.3P-M45 Todjin Turkic Darenko 20053622.2P-M45 Chukchi Chukotko-Kamchatkan Lell 20012420.8P-M45 Koryak Chukotko-Kamchatkan Lell 20012718.5P-M45 Yupik Eskimo–Aleut languages Lell 20013318.2P-M45 Uighur TurkicXue 20067017.1P-M45 Kalmyk Mongolic Darenko 20056811.8P-M45 Turkmen TurkicWells 20013010P-M45 Soyot TurkicDarenko 2005348.8P-M45 Uriankhai Mongolic Katoh 2004608.3P-M45 Khakas Turkic Darenko 2005537.6P-M45 Kazakh Turkic Wells 2001545.6P-M45 Uzbek Turkic Wells 20013665.5P-M45 Khasi-Khmuic Austroasiatic Reddy 20093535.40P-M45(xM173)§ Munda Austroasiatic Reddy 20096410.90P-M45(xM173)§ Nicobarese Mon-Khmer Reddy 2009 110.00P-M45(xM173)§ South-East Asia Austroasiatic Reddy 20092571.60P-M45(xM173)§ Garo Tibeto-Burman Reddy 2009711.40P-M45(xM173)§ North-east India Tibeto-Burman Reddy 20092263.10P-M45(xM173)§ East Asia Tibeto-Burman Reddy 20092140.00P-M45(xM173)§Eastern India various/unknown Reddy 20095418.50P-M45(xM173)§Southern Talysh (Iran) Iranian Nasidze 2009504.00P-M45(xM124,xM173) Northern Talysh (Azerbaijan) Iranian Nasidze 2009405.00P-M45(xM124,xM173) Mazandarani Iranian Nasidze 2009504.00P-M45(xM124,xM173) Gilaki Iranian Nasidze 2009500.00P-M45(xM124,xM173) Tehran Iranian Nasidze 2004804.00P-M45(xM124,xM173) Isfahan Iranian Nasidze 2004506.00P-M45(xM124,xM173) Bakhtiari Iranian Nasidze 2008532.00P-M45(xM124,xM173) Iranian Arabs Arabic Nasidze 2008472.00P-M45(xM124,xM173) North Iran Iranian Regueiro 2006339.00P-M45(xM124,xM173) South Iran Iranian Regueiro 20061173.00P-M45(xM124,xM173) South Caucacus Georgian Nasidze and Stoneking 2001773.00P-M45(xM124,xM173) South Caucacus Armenian Nasidze and Stoneking 20011002.00P-M45(xM124,xM173) Sherpas from Nepal Tibeto-Burman Bhandari et al. 2015 582 1.67 P1(M45) or P(xQ,R1a1,R1b,R2)† Sherpas from Tibet Tibeto-Burman Bhandari et al. 2015 582 0.64 P1(M45) or P(xQ,R1a1,R1b,R2)† Hvar (Dalmatian Islands) Croatian 14 Possible link to medieval Avar settlers. Korčula (Dalmatian Islands) Croatian 6 Possible link to medieval Avar settlers.

§ May include members of haplogroup R2. † May include members of haplogroup R1*/R1a*

Population group N P (xQ,xR) Q R Paper Count % Count % Count % Gope 16 1 6.4 Sahoo 2006 Oriya Brahmin 24 1 4.2 Sahoo 2006 Mahishya 17 3 17.6 Sahoo 2006 Bhumij 15 2 13.3 Sahoo 2006 Saora 13 3 23.1 Sahoo 2006 Nepali 7 2 28.6 Sahoo 2006 Muslims of Manipur 9 3 33.3 Sahoo 2006 Himachal Pradesh Rajput 15 1 6.7 Sahoo 2006 Lambadi 18 4 22.2 Sahoo 2006 Gujarati Patel 9 2 22.2 Sahoo 2006 Katkari 19 1 5.3 Sahoo 2006 Madia Gond 14 1 7.1 Sahoo 2006 Kamma Chowdary 15 0 0 1 6.7 12 80 Sahoo 2006

Q Near universal in the Kets (95%) of Siberia. Very common in pre-modern Native American populations, except for the Na-Dene peoples, where it reaches 50-90%.

Also common, at 25-50%, in modern Siberian populations such as the Nivkhs, Selkups, Tuvans, Chukchi, Siberian Eskimos, Northern Altaians, and in 30% of Turkmens.

R The only discovered case of basal R* (i.e. one that does not belong to R1 or R2) is the Mal'ta Boy.

Subclades of R1b, R1a and R2 are now dominant in various populations from Europe to South Asia.

References

Sources

External links Spread of Haplogroup P, from The Genographic Project, National Geographic