Virginia Constitutional Convention of 1901–02

The Virginia Constitutional Convention of 1901–02 was an assembly of delegates elected by the voters to write the fundamental law of Virginia.

Background and composition In May 1900, the increasing public dismay over the electoral fraud and corruption of the Democratic machine under U.S. Senator Thomas S. Martin led to a narrow victory over the entrenched "court house crowd" in a referendum to call a constitutional convention.Dabney 1971, p. 430

Reformers seeking to expand the influence of the "better sort" of voters gained a majority by appealing to the electorate to overthrow the 1868 Underwood Constitution, that the Richmond Dispatch characterized as "that miserable apology to organic law which was forced upon Virginians by carpetbaggers, scalawags and Negroes supported by Federal bayonets".Heinemann 2007, p. 276

The tone was set by the Progressive editor of the Lynchburg News, Carter Glass, who would later hold a U.S. Senate seat for 26 years, believed that the purpose of the convention was "the elimination of every Negro who can be gotten rid of, legally, without materially impairing the strength of the white electorate."Heinemann 2007, p. 277 Progressives also had a deep distrust of the influence railroads had over state legislatures, and Convention delegate A. Caperton Braxton of Staunton, while agreeing that "negroes should be excluded from the right to hold office in this state", was also concerned that the state regulate railroads, that the Convention had to decide whether "the people or the railroads would control the government of the Commonwealth."Wallenstein 2007, p.253-254

Meeting and debate The Convention met from June 12, 1901 - June 26, 1902, at Richmond in the Capitol Building and elected John Goode, Jr. its presiding officer. Progressives sought to reform corrupt political practices of the Martin political machine and to regulate railroads and big corporations. Martin delegates agreed to restrict suffrage of African-Americans and illiterate whites, and a State Corporation Commission was established, but the Martin machine persisted in controlling Virginia politics until his death. The Convention's president, John Goode of Bedford City, had been a secessionist voting in Richmond's 1861 Secession Convention. He opened the Convention in 1901 explaining that voting was not a natural right, it was a "social right an must necessarily be regulated by society…", though any regulation could not violate the Constitution of the United States. While there was "no prejudice, no animosity against the members of the colored race", the wisest of Virginia's leaders had counseled against universal negro suffrage as "a crime against civilization and Christianity."Dinan 2006, p. 25

Walter Allen Watson of Nottoway County, was the sitting Commonwealth's Attorney and a member of the Martin machine's Democratic State Committee; he would later serve at a Virginia Circuit Court Judge. Watson held that the purpose of the Convention movement in Virginia as endorsed in popular referendum was "the elimination of the negro from the politics of this state." The majority of the Convention quickly followed his lead by adopting a two-stage restriction of the electorate. First, for one year, property qualifications were reinstated, this time allowing any male citizen paying one dollar in property tax to vote, along with any Civil War veteran, or the son of a veteran, blue or grey, white or black. The second step was imposition of a poll tax to be paid for three consecutive years annually prior to voting.Dinan 2006, p. 16

More controversial was the proposal for an "understanding" clause requiring each applicant to demonstrate an understanding of the Constitution to a county registrar. Alfred P. Thom, a railroad lawyer from Norfolk, explained "I would not expect an impartial administration of the clause." There would be no "friendship by the white man to the suffrage of the black man", but on the other hand, Thom did not expect a rigid examination for a white man, "this clause will not exclude any worthy white citizen of this Commonwealth from the suffrage…he will find a friendly examiner."Dinan 2006, pl 16 Robert William Blair of Southwest Wythe County objected to the provisions proposed by Carter Glass which were the same methods used to bring disenfranchisement other Southern states. The understanding clause would give too much power to the "caprice and corruption of a dishonest election officer." In western Virginia, hundreds would be unable to meet the new requirements, without enough property, unable to pay the poll tax for three consecutive years, or who would fail the registrar's examination on Constitutional understanding.Dinan 2006, p. 17

Outcomes

The Convention imposed a system of poll taxes along with literacy and understanding requirements to vote that had the effect of restricting the electorate. The outcome was almost immediate disenfranchising of blacks and half the previous number of whites voting.Heinemann 2007, p. 277 The Convention instituted a State Corporation Commission to regulate railroads, and it was upheld in the Virginia Supreme Court of Appeals.Dinan 2006, p. 42 But it had no independence from the Martin political machine because the Governor appointed all three commissioners. Two years later the father of the State Corporation Commission became a corporate attorney for the Richmond, Fredericksburg and Potomac Railroad.Heinemann 2007, p. 277

Chart of delegates The delegates to the Virginia Convention of June 12, 1901 to June 26, 1902 were elected the fourth Thursday in May, 1901. (One hundred members, from House of Delegates districts.)Brenaman 1902, p. 83-85

+ Sortable table Delegate District Proclamation Otway S. Allen Richmond City against George K. Anderson Alleghany, Bath, Highland against W. A. Anderson Rockbridge against Rufus A. Ayers Buchanan, Dickensen, Wise for John S. Barbour Culpeper for Joseph L. Barham Southampton for Manly H. Barnes New Kent, Charles City, James City, Warwick,York, Williamsburg, Newport News against Thomas H. Barnes Nansemond for Robert W. Blair Wythe against William H. Boaz Albemarle, Charlottesville for D. W. Bolen Carroll against Wood Bouldin Halifax for Allen Caperton Braxton Augusta, Staunton for Joseph A. Bristow Essex and Middlesex against David Tucker Brooke Norfolk City against John Thompson Brown Bedford for William E. Cameron Petersburg City against Clarence J. Campbell Amherst for Preston W. Campbell Washington for Hill Carter Hanover for Hunter B. Chapman Shenandoah against William L. Cobb Caroline for H. F. Crismond Spotsylvania, Fredericksburg against John Warwick Daniel Campbell against B. A. Davis Franklin against Wayland F. Dunaway Lancaster, Richmond County for George N. Earman Rockingham against David Q. Eggleston Charlotte for Branch J. Epes Dinwiddie against Henry Fairfax Loudoun for Albert Fletcher Loudoun, Fauquier for Henry D. Flood Campbell, Appomattox against G. Taylor Garnett Gloucester, Mathews for James W. Gilmore Rockbridge against Albert P. Gillespie Tazewell against Carter Glass Lynchburg not recorded John Goode Bedford for Bennett T. Gordon Nelson for James Waddell Gordon Richmond City for R. Lindsey Gordon Louisa for Berryman Green Pittsylvania, Danville for Roger Gregory King William, Hanover for T. L. Gwyn Grayson against Alexander Hamilton Petersburg against Beverley A. Hancock Chesterfield, Powhatan, Manchester against L. A. Hardy Lunenburg for Thomas W. Harrison Frederick, Winchester against Goodrich Hatton Portsmouth for James M. Hooker Patrick against E. W. Hubard Buckingham, Cumberland not recorded Eppa Hunton Jr. Fauquier for J. Henry Ingram Chesterfield, Manchester, Powhatan for Clagget B. Jones King and Queen for George W. Jones Pittsylvania, Danville for George B. Keezell Rockingham against Gilmer S. Kendall Northampton, Accommac for John W. Lawson Isle of Wight for Alanson T. Lincoln Smyth, Bland against James H. Lindsay Albemarle, Charlottesville for E. H. Lovell Greene, Madison for James W. Marshall Craig, Roanoke, Roanoke City against Richard McIlwaine Prince Edward for Charles V. Meredith Richmond for Charles E. Miller Pittsylvania, Danville for Thomas Jefferson Moncure Stafford, King George against Robert Walton Moore Fairfax against Thomas Lee Moore Fairfax against James Mundy Botetourt for Virginius Newton Richmond resigned Daniel C. O'Flaherty Clarke, Warren against J.W. Orr Lee for R. S. Parks Page, Rappahannock for Abraham L. Pedigo Henry against William B. Pettit Fluvanna, Goochland against Nathan Phillips Floyd against John Garland Pollard Richmond for William Nathaniel Portlock Norfolk against Julian Minor Quarles Augusta, Staunton for James B. Richmond Scott for Timothy Rives Prince George, Surry against William Gordon Robertson Roanoke City, Roanoke County, Craig against Francis Lee Smith Alexandria City, Alexandria County against Joseph Stebbins Halifax for Henry Carter Stuart Russell for John C. Summers Washington against George Patrick Tarry Mecklenburg for Alfred P. Thom Norfolk against James B. T. Thornton Prince William for Robert Turnbull Brunswick for Gordon L. Vincent Greensville not recorded Samuel P. Waddill Henrico against Cyrus Harding Walker Northumberland, Westmoreland for A. C. Walter Orange for Walter A. Watson Nottoway, Amelia against Nathaniel B. Wescott Accomac for J. M. Willis Elizabeth City, Accomac for George Douglas Wise Richmond against Eugene Withers Danville, Pittsylania for Jonathan Woodhouse Princess Anne for J. C. Wysor Pulaski, Giles against W. T. Yancey Rappahannock for

Virginia Constitutional Convention of 1901–02

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