This is a list of monarchs of Timor since the 17th century. Timor was traditionally divided into a large number of small kingdoms whose monarchs were variously known as liurais, rajas, regulos, na'i, etc. They were drawn into the colonial spheres of the Dutch East India Company and Portugal from the 17th century onwards. The succession of the individual kingdoms is only partly known from the existing literature. After the achieving of Indonesian independence the kingdoms in West Timor were phased out and eventually abolished in about 1962. In Portuguese East Timor the kingdoms (reinos) lost much of their functions after 1912, although they have persisted as ritual domains until the present.
There were many chiefdoms on Timor, but according to the hierarchy among the Timorese domains, the ruler of Sonbai of West Timor, the ruler of Wehali of Central Timor, and the ruler of Likusaen (today: Liquiçá) of East Timor were three paramount rulers of Timor.
Monarchs in West Timor
Kings of Amabi Source:Hägerdal (2012) p. 418; Van Dijk (1925) p. 528; Widiyatmika (2010) p. 186; Middelkoop (1952); Taniputera (2013) p. 1366-8, 1619–20. Sebastião (before 1652–1658) Saroro Neno (fl. 1655) Ama Kefi Meu (1666–1704) Ama Kefi (1704–1725) [son] Loti (1725–1732) [son] Nai Balas (1732–1755) [brother] Balthazar Loti (1755–1791) [son of Loti] Osu I (1791–1795) [son] Slolo (1795-c. 1797) [son] Afu Balthazar (c. 1797-before 1824) [brother] Arnoldus Adriaan Karel Loti (before 1824–34) [son] Osu II (1834–1859) [brother] Mano (1860–1883) [nephew] Lelo (Nolus) (1884–1894) [son] Kusa (regent 1896–1901) [second cousin] Arnoldus (1901) [son of Lelo] Junus Amtaran (1901–1903) [of Amtaran family] Kase Kome (1903–1912) [nephew of Osu II] Jacob Ch. Kome (1912–1917; died 1976) [son] Amabi incorporated in Kupang 1917
Kings of Amakono (Miomaffo) Source:Hägerdal (2012); Van Dijk (1925) p. 539; Truhart (2003) p. 1326; Taniputera (2013) p. 1416-8, 1625–6. Oenun Kono (Fahik Bere) Oenun Kono [son] Afoan Kono [son] Neno Kono [son] Sani Kono [son] Taenube Kono [son] Dom Francisco de Taynube (fl. 1702–04) [same as above?] Nai Taupah Kono (?-1722) [son of Taenube Kono] Takaip lord (early 18th century) Takaip lord (18th century) [son] Nai Takaip (?-1758) [son] Tessoy (1758–61) [brother] Usi Kenet (1761–64) [brother] Tetu Takaip (1764–65) [brother] Oenunu Amakono (1766-?) [son of Nai Taupah Kono] Manubait Lemon (c. 1800) [son] Nai Toh Kono (before 1832–1855?) [son] Oenunu Kono I (1879–1902) [son] Oenunu Kono II (1903–20) [son] Kefi Lelan (1920–34) Sobe Senak (1934–47) [great-grandson of Nai Toh Kono] Gaspar Afoan Kono (1947–62; died 1986) [son of Oenunu Kono II]
Kings of Amanatun Source:Banu Naek (2007); Truhart (2003) p. 1325; Taniputera (2013) p. 1368-78, 1620. Pedro (of Batumean fl. 1642) João (of Batumean fl. 1645) Don Louis Nai Konof (before 1751–1766) Don Joan Benao (1766-?) [son] Nai Taman (fl. 1832) Loit Banu Naek (?-c. 1899) Muti Banu Naek (1899–1915; died 1918) [son] Kusa Banu Naek (1916–1919) [second cousin of Loit] Kolo Banu Naek (1920–1946; died 1969) [son of Muti] Lodeweik Lourens Don Louis (1946–1962; died 1990) [cousin]
Kings of Amanuban Source:Nope (2018), p. 164; Hägerdal (2012) p. 420; Wadu et al. (2003) p. 86-106; Truhart (2003) p. 1324; Taniputera (2013) p. 1379-88, 1621–2. Don Michel (before 1749–1751) Don Louis I (1751–1770) [brother] Don Jacobus Albertus (1770–1786) [son] Tubani (1786-c. 1807) [cousin] Don Louis II (c. 1807-c. 1824) [son] Baki (c. 1824–1862) [son] Sanu (1862–1879) [son] Bil Nope (c. 1870–1910) [son] Noni Nope (1910–1920) [brother] Pae Nope (1920–1946; died 1959) [son] Paulus Nope (1946–1949; died 1959) [son] Kusa Nope (1949–1962) [brother]
Kings of Amarasi Source:Middelkoop (1939); Hägerdal (2012) p. 419-20; Van Dijk (1925) p. 529; Truhart (2003) p. 1324-5; Taniputera (2013) p. 1389-95, 1622; Nope (2018), p. 165. António I (?-1665) Dom Thomas (1665-?) [brother] N.N. (fl. 1679) [son or nephew] Dom António II (fl. 1688–1695) Dom Augusto Fernandes (fl. 1697–1703) Dom Affonço (fl. 1703) Nai Soti (fl. 1714) Dom Luís Hornay (Esu) (before 1749–1751) Dom Afonço Hornay (Ruatefu) (1751–1774) [son] Don Rote Ruatefu (1774–1802) [son] Kiri Lote (1803-before 1832) [son] Muni (before 1832) [probably son] Koro Kefi (before 1832–1853) [brother] Obe Koro (1853–1871) [nephew] Rasi Koroh (1872–1887) [grandson of Obe Koro] Taku Obe (1888–1891) [son of Obe Koro] Rasi Koroh (1892–1914) (2nd time) Isaac Koroh (1914–1923) [brother] Alexander Koroh (1923–1925; died 1944) [grandson of Rasi Koroh] Hendrik Arnold Koroh (1925–1951) [brother] Viktor Koroh (1951–1962; died 1990) [son]
Kings of Amfoang Source:Hägerdal (2012) p. 418; Van Dijk (1925) p. 529; Truhart (2003) p. 1325-6; Taniputera (2013) p. 1395-6, 1622–3. Nai Toas (1683-after 1698) Am Fo’an (?-1708) Dom Manuel (1708–1718) [son] Daniel (1718–1748) [uncle] Bartolomeus I (1748–1776) [son] Daniel Bartolomeus (1776–1783) [son] Bartolomeus II Nai Toas (1783–1795) [brother] Babneno (1795-?) Jacob Bartolomeus (1800–1802) Bartholomeus III (1802–1806) Jacob Bartolomeus (1806–?) [brother] Abi Aunoni (fl. 1829) Manoh Aunoni (fl. 1832) Neno (c. 1830s) Fini Manoh Aunoni (before 1845–1850) Willem Bartolomeus Manoh (1850–1858) [nephew] Willem Sanu Aunoni (1858–1880) [son of Fini Aunoni] Anna Elisabeth Aunoni (1881–1902) [granddaughter] Willem Tafin Talnoni (1902–1914) [alleged uncle] Soleman Willem Talnoni (1915–1921) [son] Adreanus Talnoni (1922) [brother] Mutis Oil Amanit (1923–1930) Semuel Oil Amanit (1930–1943) [brother] Willem Oil Amanit (1943–1948; died 1996) [son of Mutis Oil Amanit] Semuel Oil Amanit (1948–1962, 2nd time)
Kings of Amfoang–Sorbian Source:Hägerdal (2012) p. 419; Van Dijk (1925) p. 529; Taniputera (2013) p. 1622-3. Nai Manubait (?-1697) Mano Nassa (fl. 1728) Taiboko (before 1749) Dom Bernardo da Costa (before 1749–1753) [son] Tusala Taiboko (1753–1779) [brother] Talnoni Forisa (1779–1808?) [son] Muti Afo’an Pupu Afo’an [brother] Nobel Afo’an (?-c.1824) [son] Masu Taiboko (Usi Molo) (fl. 1829) [son] Willem Manoh (before 1844–1854) No-Feie (1854–57) [nephew] Molo Mano (1857–75) [putative son of Usi Molo] Willem Mano (1875–1885) [son] Baki Mano (1898–1909) [great-grandson of Muti Afo’an] Incorporated in Amfoan 1910
King of Belu (Tasifeto) Source:Van Dijk (1925) p. 530. Josef Sirimain da Costa (1916–1923) [of Jenilu] Incorporated in Malaka-Belu 1924
Kings of Biboki Source:Van Dijk (1925) p. 530; Truhart (2003) p. 1325; Taniputera (2013) p. 1399-1401, 1623. Nai Tanesi (fl. 1761) Usi Taum Kenad Nesi Bokko [son] Tabesi Bokko [son] Nesi Tahoni [son] Usi Tehi (1854–?) Nesi Bokko (?-1916) [son of Nesi Tahoni] Tabesi Usi Ana Pah (1900–1904) [brother] Nesi Atau Kaha (Nesi Tahut Pah) (1905–1915) [nephew] Kau Mauk (1915–1940; died 1947) [descended from Usi Taum Kenad] Leonardus Taek Kau (1942–1962)
Kings of Dirma Source:Van Dijk (1925) p. 532. Nai Tasai (fl. 1761) Hane Tae (fl. 1765) Francisco Doutel (fl. 1786) Nai Tei Seran (1836–?) Neki (Kalau Nekin?) (1880–1904) Bau Nekin (1905–1916) [son of Kalau Nekin] Incorporated in Malaka 1916 Fatin Nekin (fl. 1926–1934) Ramen Fatin Manek Fatin (?-1956) [brother] Ciprianus Ulu (1991–2005) [nephew] Herman Lam Nikin (2005–) [nephew]
Kings of Fatuleu Source:Van Dijk (1925) p. 532-3; Widiyatmika (2010); Truhart (2003) p. 1326; Taniputera (2013) p. 1401-2. Christoffel Thaiboko (1912–1930) [son of Nai Fai Thaiboko of Takaip] Nicolaas Nisnoni (1930–1942; died 1952) [from Sonba'i Kecil] Alfonsus Nisnoni (1942–1945; died 1992) [son] Hans Nisnoni (1945–1955; died 1983) [brother]
Kings of Fialaran Source:Van Dijk (1925) p. 533; Truhart (2003) p. 1323; Vroklage (1953); Taniputera (2013) p. 1402-3, 1624. Dom António Hornay (fl. 1726–1731) Dom Joaquim Hornay de Matos (fl. 1764–1786) Dom Manuel Ignacio Boquete (fl. 1815) Don Carel Taek (c. 1815–1858) Atok Mauk (1858–1903) [nephew] Atok Samara Loro (1904–1916) [grandnephew] Incorporated in Belu Tasi Feto 1916
Kings of Funai Source:Middelkoop (1952); Van Dijk (1925) p. 533; Widiyatmika (2010) p. 185; Truhart (2003) p. 1326; Taniputera (2013) p. 1403-4, 1624. Lafu I (1749-after 1767) Jacob Liskoen (fl. 1797–1806) Kolo (fl. 1805) [son of Lafu I.] Lelo (fl. 1832) [brother] Lafu II (1840–1873) [grandson of Lafu I] Toh Liskoen (1874–?) [great-grandson of Lafu I] Kolan Funai (1888–1906) [son of Lafu II] Kolan Laurens Funai (1906–1917) [grandson of Toh Liskoen] Incorporated in Kupang 1917
Kings of Insana Source:Truhart (2003) p. 1327; Schulte Nordholt (1971) p. 212-5; Taniputera (2013) p. 1406-11, 1624–5. Tana Mende (fl. 1761) Taku (fl. 1765) Malafu Neno Malafu Pa [son] Malafu Tasaeb (1880–1901) [son] Usi Nila (Nila Ela Taiboko) (1902–1914) Kahalasi Taolin (1915–1934) Tasaeb Malafu (1934–1936) [great-grandson of Malafu Tasaeb] Afu Tasaeb (1936–1938) [son] Dominicus Taolin (1938–1940; died 1974) [son of Kahalesi Taolin] Petrus Atolan Tasaeb (1940–1942; died 1989) [grandson of Tasaeb Malafu] Lorencius Taolin (1942–1962) [brother of Dominicus Taolin]
Kings of Jenilu Source:Truhart (2003) p. 1327; Taniputera /2013) p. 1412. Dom Manuel de Jesus (fl. c. 1769) Dom Vicente de Jesus (fl. 1815) Serente Mor (fl. 1832) Raja Perempuan (c. 1845) [daughter of Raja Balibo] Besi Taik (1851–1879) Mariana Rosa da Costa (1879–1893) [daughter] Gabriel Perera (regent 1893–1902) Josef da Costa (Sirimain) (1902–1916) [son of Mariana Rosa da Costa] Incorporated in Belu Tasi Feto 1916
Kings of Kupang (Greater Kupang since 1917) Sources:Hägerdal (2012) p. 417; Truhart (2003) p. 1322; Van Dijk (1925) p. 534-5; Detaq (1972) p. 39-40; Taniputera (2013) p. 1404-6.Truhart (2003) p. 1322; Taniputera (2013) p. 1413, 1625. Ama Pono I (died 1619) Dom Duarte (fl. 1645) Ama Pono II (before 1649–1659) [grandson of Ama Pono I] Mauritius Ama Pot (1659–1660) [son] Ama Susang (regent-ruler 1660?–1698) [brother] Ama Besi (co-ruler 1660–1678) Pono Koi (1673–1691) [son of Ama Pono II] Ama Tomananu (1698–1731) [son] Buni (1732–1749) [grandson of Ama Besi] Karel Korang (1749–1760) [son] Lasi Tepak (1760–1770) [descended from Ama Pono II] Nai Manas (1770–1785) [son] Kolang Tepak (1785–1786) [uncle] Tepak Lasi (1786-c. 1795) [son of Lasi Tepak] Susang Manas (c. 1795-after 1803) [son of Nai Manas?] Lasi Kloman (before 1832–1858) [putative grandson of Lasi Tepak] Manas Dean (1858–1868) [grandson of Nai Manas?] Manas Kloman (1869–1889) [nephew of Lasi Kloman] Leo Manas (1890–1895) [son] Dean Manas (1895–1908) [brother] Soleman Pallo (1908–1911) [grandson of Susang Manas] Salmun Pallo (fettor [regent] 1911–1917) [son] – Incorporated in (Greater) Kupang kingdom 1917 Daud Tanof (1918) [from Taebenu] Nicolaas Nisnoni (1918–1945) [of Sonba'i Kecil] Alfonsus Nisnoni (1945–1955) [son] Leopold Nicolaas Isu Nisnoni (1992–Present) [son]
Fettors in Kupang during Greater Kupang period Snait Dean (fettor 1917–1922) [son of Dean Manas] Martinus Pallo (fettor 1922–1938) [son of Soleman Pallo] Bui Dean or Benjamin Bissilissin (fettor 1938–1950) [son of Dean Manas] Christiaan Dean Bissilissin (fettor 1950–1962) [son]
Kings of Lakekun Source:Truhart (2003) p. 1326; Van Dijk (1925) p. 535; Taniputera (2013) p. 1414, 1625. Bau Nahak Bano Lorok (early 19th century) Balok Lorok [daughter] Hoar Teti [daughter] Moru Lebok [son] Tahu Leki (?-1916) [nephew] Benediktus Leki Tahu (1916– 1980) [Tahu leki's son] Marselus Bere (1980–2011) [Tahu Leki ] Petrus Seran Tahuk (2011– sekarang) ( keponakan Marselus Bere Lakekun)
Kings of Lamaknen (Maere) Source:Van Dijk (1925) p. 535; Castro (1867) p. 223; Tifa & Itta (2007) p. 21-6, 168–72. Dom Miguel da Silva (fl. 1732) Dom Sebastião Carvalho (fl. 1737) Gaspar Ximenes Manuel da Costa (fl. 1766) Dom Pedro (fl. c. 1769) Dato Meno (fl. 1818–1832) Bee Siri Loi (1867–?)