11,491 athletes were registered to compete at the 2016 Summer Olympics held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

All Olympic sports are signed up to the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) code which operates on a strict liability principle, whereby an athlete is strictly liable for any adverse analytical finding from their urine or blood samples. Until 2015, the standard punishment for a first doping offence was two years suspension. For a second or subsequent offence, the standard punishment is between 8 years suspension and a lifetime ban. From 2015 onwards, the standard suspension for an adverse finding involving an unspecified substance such as steroids and human growth hormone was increased to four years.

In July 2016 the International Olympic Committee (IOC) decided, following the publication of the McLaren Report, that the eligibility of all Russian athletes to compete in the 2016 Olympics must be determined individually by each sport's governing body. This decision was based on the findings about the Russian state-sponsored doping program. Two athletes, swimmer Yuliya Yefimova and cyclist Olga Zabelinskaya, whose participation would not have been allowed under this ruling, was exceptionally allowed to compete by the IOC after their ban was deemed "unenforceable" by the Court of Arbitration for Sport. At least 96 other athletes, representing 52 countries in 13 sports, who were registered to compete have previously been convicted of a doping offence.

Athletes

+List of participating athletes with prior doping offence(s) Name Country Sport Year of violation Anti-doping rule violation Sanction Athletics 2013 Adverse analytical finding (Metenolone) 2 years Cycling 2010 Use or attempted use of a prohibited substance or method (Operación Puerto) 2 years Athletics 2011 Adverse analytical finding 3 months Weightlifting 2013 Adverse analytical finding (Stanozolol, Methyltestosterone) 2 years Weightlifting 2013 Adverse analytical finding (Stanozolol) 2 years Fencing 2008 Adverse analytical finding (Furosemide) 6 months Equestrian 2005 Adverse analytical finding – horse (Hydroxy-lidocaine) 1 month Athletics 2015 Adverse analytical finding (Androstane) 6 months Athletics 2013 Adverse analytical finding (Oxilofrine) 6 months Cycling 2015 Adverse analytical finding (Oxycodone) 6 months Weightlifting 2013 Adverse analytical finding (Androsterone) 2 years Athletics 2009 Adverse analytical finding (rh-EPO) 2 years Equestrian 2008 Adverse analytical finding – horse (Capsaicin) 8 months Athletics 2006 Whereabouts non-compliance 1 year Cycling 2010 Use or attempted use of a prohibited substance or method 2 years (1 suspended) Weightlifting 2012 Adverse analytical finding (Stanozolol) 2 years Swimming 2010 Adverse analytical finding (Furosemide) 6 months Weightlifting 2013 Adverse analytical finding (Stanozolol) 2 years Athletics 2012 Adverse analytical finding (Stanozolol) 2 years Equestrian 19962000 Adverse analytical finding (Cocaine)Adverse analytical finding (Ephedrine, Pseudoephedrine, Cocaine) 7 monthsWarning Athletics 2010 Adverse analytical finding (CERA) 2 years Athletics 2013 Adverse analytical finding (Stanozolol) 2 years Athletics 2011 Adverse analytical finding (Diuretic) 2 years Weightlifting 2013 Adverse analytical finding (Metenolone) 2 years Athletics 2012 Adverse analytical finding (Clenbuterol) 2 years Cycling 2009 Adverse analytical finding (Oxilofrine) 1 year and 6 months Cycling 2012 Adverse analytical finding (Xipamide) 1 year Swimming 2010 Adverse analytical finding (Heptaminol) 2 months Athletics 2013 Adverse analytical finding (Dehydrochloromethyltestosterone) 2 years Wrestling 2014 Adverse analytical finding (Trimetazidine) 6 months Athletics 2015 Adverse analytical finding (Furosemide) 6 months Weightlifting 2013 Adverse analytical finding (Norandrosterone) 2 years Cycling 2010 Whereabouts non-compliance 1 year Athletics 2009 Refusal or failure to submit to doping control 2 years Athletics 2016 Adverse analytical finding (Higenamine) 1 month Diving 2013 Adverse analytical finding (Prednisolone) 3 months Athletics 2014 Adverse analytical finding (Benzoylecgonine) 1 year and 9 months Weightlifting 2013 Adverse analytical finding (Stanozolol) 2 years Equestrian 20092013 Adverse analytical finding – horse (Fluphenazine)Adverse analytical finding – horse (Cimetidine) 1 year6 months Athletics 2011 Adverse analytical finding (Metenolone, Stanozolol) 2 years Cycling 2008 Use or attempted use of a prohibited substance or method (Oil for Drugs) 2 years Athletics Adverse analytical finding (Methandienone, Oxandrolone)Adverse analytical finding (Testosterone) 2 yearsOverturned on technicality but not exonerated Canoeing 2012 Adverse analytical finding (β-Methylphenethylamine) Warning Weightlifting 2013 Adverse analytical finding (Tamoxifen) 2 years Athletics 20012006 Adverse analytical finding (Amphetamine)Adverse analytical finding (Testosterone) 2 years (Reinstated after 13 months)4 years Weightlifting 2012 Adverse analytical finding (Methyltestosterone, Methandriol) 2 years Athletics 2009–10 Adverse analytical finding (Dehydroepiandrosterone) 1 year and 9 months Athletics 2010 Adverse analytical finding 6 months Athletics 2006 Adverse analytical finding (Levomethamphetamine) 6 months Athletics 2012 Adverse analytical finding (Methamphetamine) 1 year and 6 months Swimming 2013 Adverse analytical finding (Levomethamphetamine) 3 months Weightlifting 2010 Adverse analytical finding (Metandienone) 2 years Tennis 2007 Adverse analytical finding (Isometheptene) 2 months Tennis 2013 Adverse analytical finding (Nikethamide) 4 months Athletics 2014 Adverse analytical finding (Methandienone) 2 years Tennis 2007 Adverse analytical finding (Benzoylecgonine) 2 years Athletics 2012 Athlete biological passport anomaly 2 years Equestrian 2009 Adverse analytical finding horse (Altrenogest) 4 months Athletics 2010 Adverse analytical finding (Cannabis) 1 month Wrestling 2012 Adverse analytical finding (Nandrolone) 2 years Athletics 2014 Adverse analytical finding (Methylhexaneamine) 9 months Volleyball 2010 Whereabouts non-compliance 6 months Weightlifting 2013 Adverse analytical finding (Oxandrolone, Dehydromethyltestosterone) 2 years Swimming 2011 Adverse analytical finding (Clenbuterol) 1 year Weightlifting 2013 Adverse analytical finding (Stanozolol) 2 years Weightlifting 2012 Adverse analytical finding (Drostanolone) 2 years Athletics 2012 Adverse analytical finding (Methylhexanamine) 6 months Athletics 2003 Adverse analytical finding (Stanozolol) 2 years Cycling 2010 Adverse analytical finding (Methylhexanamine) 5 months Athletics 2011 Adverse analytical finding (Methylhexanamine) 6 months Athletics 2011 Adverse analytical finding (Methylhexanamine) 6 months Athletics 2014 Adverse analytical finding (Isometheptene) 2 years Athletics 20112012 Adverse analytical finding (Methylhexaneamine)Adverse analytical finding (Methylhexaneamine) 6 months2 years and 4 months Equestrian 2007 Adverse analytical finding – horse (Pentobarbital) 1 month Athletics 2010 Adverse analytical finding (Oxycodone) 6 months Weightlifting 2013 Adverse analytical finding (Methadone) 2 years Taekwondo 2006 Adverse analytical finding (L-methamphetamine) 3 months Weightlifting 2011 Adverse analytical finding (Methandienone) 2 years Swimming 2015 Adverse analytical finding (Testosterone) 1 year and 6 months Athletics 2011 Adverse analytical finding (Methylhexanamine) 6 months Athletics 2012 Use or attempted use of a prohibited substance or methodPossession of a prohibited substance or method 3 years Cycling 2012 Adverse analytical finding (Tuaminoheptane) 1 year and 6 months Athletics 2012 Adverse analytical finding (Norandrosterone, Testosterone) 2 years Athletics 2013 Adverse analytical finding (Stanozolol) 2 years Athletics 2013 Adverse analytical finding (Exogenous anabolic-androgenic steroid) 1 year Swimming 2009 Adverse analytical finding (Prednisone) 2 years Tennis 2013 Refusal or failure to submit to doping control 1 year Swimming 2014 Adverse analytical finding (Trimetazidine) 3 months Athletics 2013 Adverse analytical finding (Dehydrochloromethyltestosterone) 2 years Athletics 2013 Adverse analytical finding (Drostanolone) 2 years Athletics 2009 Adverse analytical finding (Methylxanthine) 3 months Gymnastics 2009 Adverse analytical finding (Cocaine) 1 year Swimming 2013 Adverse analytical finding (7-Keto-DHEA) 1 year and 4 months Cycling 2014 Adverse analytical finding (octopamine) 1 year and 6 months Athletics 2008 Adverse analytical finding (Testosterone) 2 years Athletics 2009 (Retested 2013) Adverse analytical finding (Dehydrochloromethyltestosterone, Stanozolol) 2 years Athletics 2012 Refusal or failure to submit to doping control 2 years

See also Doping at the Olympic Games

References General

Specific