Leopoldo "Leo" Longanesi (30 August 1905 27 September 1957) was an Italian journalist, publicist, screenwriter, playwright, writer, and publisher. Longanesi is mostly known in his country for his satirical works on Italian society and people. He also founded the eponymous publishing house in Milan in 1946, and was a mentor figure to Indro Montanelli (a journalist and historian, as well as the founder of , one of Italy's most famous newspapers).
Between 1927 and 1950 Longanesi published several magazines, including (1926), (1937), and (1950), the last of which is a cultural and satirical weekly paper with a conservative stance. Longanesi described himself as a "cultural anarchist", or "conservative anarchist", and headed a popular right-wing group, which embraced conservatism, agrarian virtues, anti-democracy, and nostalgic post-fascism after World War II, despite the fact that he had often mocked the regime before the war, and remained distant from any neo-fascist movement after it.
An elegant and refined cartoonist, Longanesi also wrote several memoirs, characterised by a ruthless streak, such as , , and
Biography Early life and career Born in Bagnacavallo, Longanesi was the son of Paolo Longanesi, director of a gunpowder factory in Lugo, and Angela Marangoni, who came from a local, wealthy landowning family. In 1911, when Leo was six, the Longanesi family moved to Bologna, where, in keeping with the family's affluence, Leo attended the most prestigious school and learned French at the Liceo Galvani. In 1920, at the age of 15, Leo wrote his first printed sheet, Il Marchese, followed by the monthly magazines È permesso…? Zibaldone dei giovani (1921), Il Toro (1923), and Il Dominio (1924). After high school, he earned a bachelor's degree in law at the University of Bologna.
Once graduated, Longanesi developed his social connections by joining the city's worldly elite, literary cafés, and nighthawk pubs. He became friends with leading intellectuals like Galvano Della Volpe, Giorgio Morandi and Vincenzo Cardarelli, as well as with young rising politicians like Leandro Arpinati, Dino Grandi and Italo Balbo. During this time, Longanesi developed his interest in politics, and began collaborating with L'Assalto (), a fascist newspaper in Bologna, in 1924. In the same year he met Mino Maccari, a famous painter, who introduced him to Rome's cultural circles. With Maccari and popular writer Curzio Malaparte, Longanesi began a cultural movement called Strapaese (literally "great country"), which believed Italian Fascism to be the bearer of rural traditions and patriotic virtues.
Living between Rome and Bologna, Longanesi worked with the magazine Il Selvaggio () from 1925 to 1929, and ran his weekly magazine L'Italiano () from 1926 to 1942. Headquartered first in Bologna and then in Rome, the magazine saw collaborators such as Maccari, American playwright Henry Furst, and writer Giovanni Comisso, former legionnaire of Fiume with Gabriele D'Annunzio. Around the same period, Benito Mussolini was establishing his police state, banning opposition parties, and imposing a cult of personality based on his figure (the Duce) and the National Fascist Party. Longanesi and his collaborators grew close to the new regime, and started a cultural debate on the relationship between the arts and Fascism. In 1926 Longanesi wrote his first great work, the "Vade-mecum of the perfect fascist". The book expresses, with the motto "Mussolini ha sempre ragione" (), a mix of adoration and caricature of Mussolini's dictatorship. During Mussolini's regime (from 1926 to 1943), Longanesi was both loyal and critical to Fascism, and was ironic about the Battle for Grain (a self-sufficiency campaign for wheat production), the mystification of Ancient Rome, and fascist imperialist dreams on Africa.
Under Fascism In 1927 Longanesi created his first publishing house L'Italiano Editions (property of L'Italiano magazine), and published works of fascist writers who were critical of the regime, such as Malaparte, Riccardo Bacchelli, Vincenzo Cardarelli, Antonio Baldini, and Telesio Interlandi, who later became a major supporter of the racial laws (1938) against Jews. The following year Longanesi purchased the publishing house from Malaparte, and later acquired the magazine La Voce (), which had been founded by conservative journalist Giuseppe Prezzolini in 1919. In 1929 Longanesi ran as a candidate for the general election (which presented only the Fascist Party), but was not elected. In July that year Longanesi was hired to direct L'Assalto, which he managed until his resignation in 1931. His dismissal was the direct result of a strong and irreverent piece on Senator Giuseppe Tanari, financer of the squadrismo (literally "squadronism"), a radical tendency inside Fascism that had led to attacks, assaults, and even the murder of political dissidents. Longanesi was prompted to write the article by an incident in May 1931, when he had attended a performance of conductor Arturo Toscanini at the Teatro Comunale in Bologna, together with Galeazzo Ciano, Mussolini's son-in-law, and Arpinati, Longanesi's old friend. At the end of the piece, Ciano and Arpinati called on Toscanini to play Giovinezza, the unofficial anthem of Fascist Italy. When Toscanini refused, Ciano and Arpinati left the theatre disappointed, and later on radical fascists assaulted Toscanini outside the theatre. Longanesi was erroneously believed to be the first one to slap him, since he had published the article against the conductor's refusal the following day.
In May 1932 Longanesi moved with his parents and grandparents to Rome and bought, an elegant house in Corso Vittorio Emanuele II. He also moved the headquarters of L'Italiano and Il Selvaggio to the capital. Both magazines were in decline and Longanesi directed them almost entirely on his own. Despite his criticisms, Longanesi was chosen by the regime to organize a literary exhibition on Mussolini for the 10th anniversary of the March on Rome, which opened on 28 October 1932. After the start of the Second Italo-Ethiopian War in 1935, Longanesi also became the chief of propaganda. Longanesi requested to direct a big newspaper in return for his services to Fascism, but was refused by the regime, which feared that new magazines and papers, especially if under the direction of critics of the dictatorship, would undermine its strict control over the press. Despite all this, Longanesi's connection with Mussolini's son Vittorio allowed him to work for Cinema, a magazine of film criticism, in September 1936. He was fired a month later for an unpleasant photographic piece on the regime.
On 3 April 1937 Longanesi created Omnibus, an illustrated news magazine on literature and the arts, later described as the "father of Italian magazines", especially for its use of photographs and images. The magazine was published by Angelo Rizzoli (except for the first six months by Arnoldo Mondadori), and presented notable and rising journalists and artists, such as Indro Montanelli, Alberto Moravia, Vitaliano Brancati, Ennio Flaiano, Mario Soldati, Mario Pannunzio, Arrigo Benedetti, and Alberto Savinio. Despite the magazine's immediate success, Omnibus was forced to close by the Ministry of Popular Culture (Minculpop) on 2 February 1939, officially without a clear explanation, but most probably because of its contributions by Jewish intellectuals, such as Moravia, and anti-fascists like Pannunzio. Nevertheless, Longanesi was appointed as a technical-artistic consultant by the Minculpop itself in 1940. Around the same time he was also chosen by Rizzoli to direct a book series, Il sofà delle Muse (), and published successful works like The Tartar Steppe (1940), Don Giovanni in Sicily (1941) and The Truth about the Motta Affair (1937, reedited in 1941).
Second World War On 10 June 1940, Italy declared war against France and the United Kingdom, in alliance with Nazi Germany and other Fascist-inspired nations of the Axis powers. Despite initial popular enthusiasm for the Italian entrance into the Second World War, Longanesi was skeptical, thinking that it would be the ruin of Italy. Despite his personal beliefs, and remaining faithful to his controversial and eclectic nature, Longanesi chose to stay loyal to the Fascist regime, worked for Primato magazine, directed by former Public Education Minister Giuseppe Bottai, and invented war slogans like "Taci! Il nemico ti ascolta" (), "La patria si serve anche facendo la sentinella ad un bidone di benzina" () and "Una pistola puntata contro l'Italia" (). After the losing the Greco-Italian War in 1941 and the Tunisian Campaign in 1942, Italy fell into crisis and became more subjected to Germany.
On 25 July 1943, a coup d'état took place against Mussolini to overthrow the Fascist regime. Longanesi, Pannunzio and Benedetti wrote a piece celebrating the apparent return of freedom and hope for Italy's retreat from war. The new Prime Minister Pietro Badoglio, however, secretly signed the armistice of Cassibile with Allied Powers on 3 September 1943, while all of Italy was directly under German military influence. On 8 September, with a proclamation, Pietro Badoglio announced the switching allegiances from the Axis to the Allies, after which he fled to Brindisi with the royal family and the government, leaving military and public authorities without orders. Italy separated into a German-occupied north and an Allied-occupied south. On 16 September, Longanesi fled to the south of Rome with his friends Mario Soldati, Steno, and Riccardo Freda, and arrived at Vinchiaturo on 29 September. On 1 October, Longanesi moved to Naples, where, along with Steno and Soldati, he collaborated with Allied authorities on an anti-fascist propaganda FM radio named White Star. However, Longanesi quickly grew critical of the new anti-fascist political class, which he found composed of old opportunists and new ambitious figures united in a climate of political chameleonism. On 5 June 1944, Rome was finally liberated, and Longanesi returned to the capital on 1 July, writing the comedy Il suo cavallo (), a mockery of Mussolini, similar to Shakespeare's Richard III.
Post-war, political activism and death In January 1946, Longanesi moved to Milan with his family, while his parents moved to Imola. Shortly after, Longanesi accepted an offer from industrialist Giovanni Monti and founded the publishing house Longanesi & Co. on 1 February 1946 and simultaneously published Il Libraio (), a bibliographic magazine, from 1946 to 1949. Politically, Longanesi became a prominent opponent of the new republican democracy that replaced Fascism, stating that,
In his pieces, he pokes fun both at anti-fascists ("There is who believe to be an anti-fascist only because Fascism never noticed him") and ex-fascists reused in the new system ("There is a question we must never say, 'Where we have met before?'").