Lucy Dorothy Ozarin (August 18, 1914 – September 17, 2017) was a psychiatrist who served in the United States Navy. She was one of the first women psychiatrists commissioned in the Navy, and she was one of seven female Navy psychiatrists who served during World War II.
Early years and education Ozarin was born in the Brownsville neighborhood of Brooklyn, New York, on August 18, 1914, the youngest of four children.Lo Chin, Eliza. "AMWA's Oldest Member Dr. Lucy Ozarin". American Medical Women's Association. February 12, 2016.Bellafaire, Judith; Graf, Mercedes Herrera. Women Doctors in War. Texas A&M University Press. October 27, 2009. p. 106. .Dickstein, M.D., M.S., Leah J. Lucy D. Ozarin, M.D., M.P.H.: A Life of Service to Psychiatry and the Nation. CreateSpace Independent Publishing. 2016. . Her parents were Russian immigrants who had met and married in the United States.
When she was seven years old, her family moved to Inwood on Long Island, New York. Her family was the only Jewish family in the town. While attending school, she and her siblings all worked at their father's general store in Inwood. She excelled throughout school, graduating from Lawrence High School at the age of sixteen.Sobocinski, André Baden. "Commander, Medical Corps, U.S. Navy Reserve) Oral History Interview". Office of Medical History. Bureau of Medicine and Surgery. United States Navy. September 4, 2012. The school's Parent-Teacher Association awarded Ozarin a scholarship of $150 per year."Lawrence High Students Given 2 Scholarships". The Brooklyn Daily Eagle (Brooklyn, New York). June 12, 1930. p. 5.
Ozarin attended New York University, just as each of her siblings had. During her first year of college, Ozarin played for the school's women's varsity basketball team and worked as an umbrella salesperson at Macy's on Saturdays."Boro-L.I. Girls Pledged at N.Y.U." Times Union (Brooklyn, New York). April 2, 1931. p. 36."N.Y.U. Dates Are Listed: Girls' Basketball Team to Play Nine Games This Season". The New York Times. January 11, 1932. p. 30. She was a member of the Lambda Gamma Phi sorority and Aesclepiad, a woman's pre-medical honor society."Honored at N.Y.U." Times Union (Brooklyn, New York). November 10, 1931. p. 4. After three years at New York University, Ozarin entered medical school at New York Medical College. Ozarin was one of six women enrolled in a class of one-hundred. Ozarin earned a doctor of medicine degree in 1937.
Civilian career Ozarin worked as a resident at Harlem Hospital in pediatrics for two years. During five months of that time, Ozarin worked on an ambulance, which she found exciting.
Given the choice between treating patients with tuberculosis or mental illness, Ozarin chose the latter because it was not a communicable disease. Ozarin then worked as a resident at Westchester County Hospital's small psychiatric unit.
Seven months into the position, her father suffered a stroke, and she decided to move near Buffalo, New York, where he was living at the time. Ozarin worked at the Gowanda State Hospital for three years. Ozarin began in the acute ward and then later transferred to the chronic ward. Ozarin had five-hundred patients under her care. Finding that the hospital's chronic psychiatric patients were being kept in very poor conditions, Ozarin tried to improve their conditions while she was there.
Military career When the United States entered World War II, the hospital's male psychiatrists left, and Ozarin found herself the only physician for a thousand patients, most of whom had schizophrenia. Ozarin felt it was impossible to perform her job well when she was spread so thin.
Legislation established Women Accepted for Volunteer Emergency Service as a branch of the United States Naval Reserve in 1942. Inspired in part by her brother's decision to join the military as an engineer in 1942, Ozarin decided she join as well. The hospital's superintendent would not approve Ozarin's request for leave, so Ozarin resigned her position instead.
Ozarin temporarily worked as Assistant to the Superintendent at New York's Metropolitan Hospital for six months until she was sworn into the Navy. The Navy's commissioning document was intended to be used for a man, and the form referred to Ozarin using male pronouns. Ozarin's title was Assistant Surgeon, Lieutenant Junior Grade. Ozarin was one of the first seven female psychiatrists with commissioned officer status in the United States Navy.
Without undergoing any military training at all, Ozarin was immediately assigned to Bethesda, Maryland, in October 1943, reporting to Captain Forrest Martin Harrison. Ozarin spent four months working in a military hospital until she received orders to report to Camp Lejeune.
At the time, there were 33,000 men and 3,000 women stationed at Camp Lejeune. It had two female physicians who were both assigned to the dependents clinic located outside the base. The commander of the hospital gave Ozarin the impression that he respected neither women nor the field of psychiatry. Ozarin was told to do physical examinations on applicants for employment at the hospital, which Ozarin found to be waste of her skills, particularly when doctors with just ninety days of psychiatric training were treating psychiatry patients.
After a few weeks, a colleague in Bethesda helped Ozarin secure a transfer to the WAVES training station at Hunter College in New York City. Ozarin was one of three woman physicians at Hunter College. Ozarin conducted psychiatric examinations of the women entering WAVES and SPARS.
In February 1945, Ozarin was given orders to return to Bethesda to treat WAVES who were suffering from anxiety and other issues. When she was not seeing patients, Ozarin studied at St. Elizabeth's Hospital in Washington, D.C. At the end of World War II, Ozarin thought the Navy would soon no longer require her service, and she began to look elsewhere. She applied for a child psychiatry fellowship, but she was not accepted. She passed the American Board of Psychiatry and Neurology in Psychiatry later that year in order to increase her worth on the job market.
Post-military career Following the end of World War II, the Navy began discharging its physicians in 1946. Ozarin returned to New York state to live with her parents, while remaining in the Naval Reserves. Looking for work, she networked with a fellow Navy orientee Mike Spotswood who recommended she apply to work at the Veterans Administration. It took brief interviews with Dr. Harvey Thompkins and Dr. Daniel Blain to secure a position as Assistant Chief of Hospital Psychiatry. Within a year, Ozarin was promoted to Chief of Hospital Psychiatry. While working at the Veterans Administration, Ozarin asked Thompkins why so many patients were in the hospital for ten years, and Thompkins responded with an assignment. Ozarin visited all of the Veterans Administration's mental hospitals and about seventy of its general hospitals to investigate the backlog for mental health services and monitor the care provided to patients with mental illness. Ozarin wrote an article for Reader's Digest about chronic psychiatric patients who never received visitors, but the Veterans Administration would not allow its publication. Reader's Digest paid $200 to Ozarin for the article, which she then donated to a patients' fund at Tuskagee Hospital, a greatly underfunded hospital.
In the early 1950s, Ozarin traveled to Bethel, Maine, for the National Training Laboratories' two-week T-group training, led by sociologists. When Ozarin returned, she set up T-groups and other new programs for the psychiatric patients at the Veterans Administration's hospitals. Ozarin also started a training institute at Coatsville VA Medical Hospital where the Veterans Administration's clinical directors would discuss advances in psychiatry.
Ozarin decided to give up her military commission and the Navy Reserves in 1957. She joined the United States Public Health Service the same year. For three years, Ozarin worked as the medical officer of its regional office in Kansas City, where she stimulated mental health activities and made sure funding was spent in accordance with rules and regulations. Ozarin advocated for treating psychiatric patients for their illnesses, and preserving the patients' freedom, dignity, and equality as psychiatric necessities as part of the treatment.Smith, Delos (June 19, 1958). "Nation's Program for Mental Treatment Has Some Defects". United Press International. Simpson's Leader-Times (Kittanning, Pennsylvania). p. 7. Ozarin attended the Harvard University School of Public Health, earning a Masters in Public Health in 1961. She returned to the Kansas City regional office after graduation.
When President of the United States John F. Kennedy signed the Community Mental Health Act of 1963, the National Institute of Mental Health chose Ozarin as one of five people to write the regulations and establish community mental health centers across the country. In order to determine what form a community mental health center should have, Ozarin traveled around the country, evaluating psychiatric services provided by medical facilities to determine what was effective. After writing the regulations, Ozarin evaluated and approved applications for grants to replace long-stay psychiatric hospitals with less-isolated community mental health centers for people with a mental illness or a developmental disability. Ozarin said the costs of building of local psychiatric treatment centers was costly "just as all medical care is costly" but she asked "What is the alternative? It is also costly for families to be disrupted and for people to be disabled for long periods of time.""Tells Rock County's Potential for Treating Mental Disorders". Janesville Daily Gazette (Janesville, Wisconsin). February 1, 1967. p. 2. Ozarin was a proponent of the deinstitutionalization of psychiatric patients, and she advocated for the eliminating the social stigma of psychiatric treatment.Saul, Scotty (February 16, 1964). "She Bears Hope to Mentally Ill", The Palm Beach Post (West Palm Beach, Florida).
Ozarin returned to the National Institute of Mental Health, where she developed new programs to help people with mental illness. Ozarin helped bring psychiatrists and social workers to medical facilities in rural areas, making it easier for people with mental illnesses living in rural areas to receive treatment.
Around 1972, Ozarin was based in Copenhagen, Denmark, researching treatment programs for drug and alcohol addiction in nine European countriesAustria, Bulgaria, Denmark, France, West Germany, Netherlands, Poland, Sweden, and the United Kingdom. for the World Health Organization. As part of her research, Ozarin met with officials at each country's Ministry of Health and visited each country's mental health facilities. After writing a report about each country's mental health services, Ozarin convened a meeting on improving alcohol and drug programs that was attended by people from 21 countries. In the early 1980s, the World Health Organization selected Ozarin to serve as its drug-abuse officer, based in Copenhagen, for nine months.
Ozarin worked until her retirement in 1983.
Retirement Beginning in the mid-1980s and continuing for about 25 years, Ozarin began volunteering for the American Psychiatric Association. Ozarin went over every single book in the American Psychiatric Association's Melvin Sabshin Library and Archives and made sure they were all entered into its online catalog.