The Imperial Japanese Army Air Service (IJAAS) or The Imperial Japanese Army Air Force (IJAAF) () was the aviation force of the Imperial Japanese Army (IJA). Its primary mission was to provide tactical close air support for ground forces, as well as a limited air interdiction capability. The IJAAS also provided aerial reconnaissance to other branches of the IJA. While the IJAAS engaged in strategic bombing of cities such as Shanghai, Nanjing, Canton, Chongqing, Rangoon, and Mandalay, this was not the primary mission of the IJAAS as it lacked a heavy bomber force.
The IJAAS did not usually control artillery spotter/observer aircraft; artillery battalions controlled the light aircraft and balloons that operated in these roles.
The Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service was responsible for long-range bomber and attack aircraft, as well as strategic air defense. It was not until the later stages of the Pacific War that the two air arms attempted to integrate the air defense of the home islands.
History Origins
The Japanese military became interested in the use of captive balloons in the mid 19th century, having noted their use by Western European armies. The first experimental ascent by the Japanese was in 1874 at the cadet military school. Japan began to construct its own balloons in 1877 based on a French one they had acquired. Yamada Isaburô, an industrialist, started to develop a hydrogen balloon in 1897. In 1900 he invented a cylindrical kite balloon and sold them to the Imperial Japanese Army. The army first used them operationally during the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-1905 for artillery spotting.Rising Sun , David Méchin, Cross & Cockade International, Volume 48 #2, 2017Isaburo Yamada (fai.org), retrieved 4 April 2022
In 1907, Lieutenant Commander Eisuke Yamamoto approached the Ministers of the Army and Navy, General Masatake Terauchi and Admiral Saitō Makoto. They formulated an aeronautical policy and established a dedicated military balloon unit. In 1909, together with the Imperial Japanese Navy and the Tokyo Imperial University, the Rinji Gunyo Kikyu Kenkyukai (Temporary Military Balloon Research Association) was set up. The association was chaired by Major General Masahiko Obama and continued to drive Japanese aviation policy until 1920. During March of that year Army Lieutenant Hino and Navy Engineer Sanji Narahara each designed an aircraft. Narahara flew the aircraft on 5 May 1910 making it the first Japanese built plane to do so. Subsequent designs were unsuccessful and the Army and Navy decided to utilise foreign aircraft until they could build a sufficient level of technical skill in Japan to design and build their own aircraft.The Rise and Fall of the Japanese Imperial Naval Air Service, Peter J. Edwards, Pen and Sword Books, 2010,
In 1910, the society sent Captain Yoshitoshi Tokugawa and Captain Hino Kumazō to France and Germany, respectively, to receive pilot training and purchase aircraft. The Japanese Army purchased its first aircraft, a Farman biplane and a Grade monoplane, which had been brought back by the officers from Western Europe. On December 19, 1909, Captain Yoshitoshi Tokugawa in a Farman III conducted the first successful powered flight on Japanese soil at Yoyogi Parade Ground in Tokyo. The following year in 1911, several more aircraft were imported and an improved version of the Farman III biplane, the Kaishiki No.1, was built and flown in Japan by Captain Togugawa. Also in 1911 a policy decision was made to split the Army and Navy aviation into two separate organisations.
+ First Japanese Army Air Service Aircraft Year Aircraft Type Number 1910 Farnham III 1 Grade monoplane 1 1911 unspecified unspecified Kaishiki No 1 1
World War I In 1914, with the outbreak of war, the Japanese laid siege to the German colony of Qingdao, aircraft from the army together with navy's seaplane carrier conducted reconnaissance and bombing operations. The Provisional Air Corps consisting of four Maurice Farman MF.7 biplanes and a single Nieuport VI-M monoplane flew 86 sorties between them. In December 1915, an air battalion based around 1 air company and 1 balloon company was created under the Army Transport Command and located at Tokorozawa. The Army Transport Command became responsible for all air operations. In total 10 aircraft were added the Army Air Service in 1914 and 1915.Air power and warfare the proceedings of the 8th Military History Symposium United States Air Force Academy 18–20 October 1978; United States, Robert C Ehrhart, Alfred F Hurley, Air Force, United States Air Force Academy, Office of Air Force History; Diane Publishing, 1978,
A number of Japanese pilots served with French flying corp during the war. Kiyotake Shigeno joined the corps in December 1914. He was a member of the league of French flying aces having shot down two confirmed and six unconfirmed German aircraft. He also was awarded the Ordre national de la Légion d’honneur, France's highest decoration. Kobayashi Shukunosuke became a licensed pilot in December 1916, dying in combat during the 1918 Spring Offensive. He was posthumously awarded the Croix de Guerre. Isobe Onokichi, Ishibashi Katsunami, Masaru Kaiya (IJN), Tadao Yamanaka, Masatoshi Takeishi, Isakitchy Nagao, and Moro Goroku, a Kawasaki aircraft engineer, also served in the French Flying corp.Warfare 1914-1918 (Japan), Women Soldiers and Flying Aces: Japanese Volunteers in Europe, Jürgen Melzer, 19 October 2017, retrieved 3 April 2022Japanese Pilots, David Méchin, retrieved 4 April 2022
After World War I
However, serious interest in military aviation did not develop until after World War I. Japanese military observers in Western Europe were quick to spot the advantages of the new technology, and after the end of the war, Japan purchased large numbers of surplus military aircraft, including 20 Sopwith 1½ Strutters, 3 Nieuport 24s, and 6 Spads. To cope with this increase in the number of available aircraft the first flying school was set up at Tozorozawa (Tokorozawa Rikugun Koku Seibi Gakkō) followed by Akeno and Shimoshizu. A French military mission was invited to Japan to help develop aviation. The mission was headed by Jacques-Paul Faure and composed of 63 members to establish the fundamentals of the Japanese aviation, the mission also brought several aircraft including 30 Salmson 2A2 as well as 2 Caquot dirigibles. In 1919 40 Nieuport, 100 Spad XIII, and two Breguet XIV. During this time Japanese aircraft were being used in combat roles during the 1920 Siberian Intervention against the Bolshevik Red Army near Vladivostok.
From 1918 reorganisation of the Army Air Service, the basic unit of the Service remained the Air Battalion (航空大隊, Kōkū Daitai), with each battalion consisting of two squadrons (中隊, Chutai) with nine aircraft each, plus three reserve aircraft and three earmarked for use by the headquarters, for a total of 24 aircraft per battalion. The officer commanding the chutai was the Chutaicho, whose rank was usually that of captain. The commander's aircraft often had distinctive markings, often a partly or totally scarlet, red, orange or yellow tail.
Aircraft production
The first aircraft factory in Japan, Nakajima Aircraft Company, was founded in 1916 and later obtained a license to produce the Nieuport 24 and Nieuport-Delage NiD 29 C.1 (as the Nakajima Ko-4) as well as the Hispano-Suiza engine. Nakajima later license-produced the Gloster Sparrowhawk and Bristol Jupiter. Similarly, Mitsubishi Heavy Industries started producing aircraft under license from Sopwith in 1921, and Kawasaki Heavy Industries started producing the Salmson 2 A.2 bomber from France, and hired German engineers such as Dr. Richard Vogt to produce original designs such as the Type 88 bomber. Kawasaki also produced aircraft engines under license from BMW. By the end of the 1920s, Japan was producing its own designs to meet the needs of the Army, and by 1935 had a large inventory of indigenous aircraft designs that were technically sophisticated.
Reorganisation Japanese army aviation was organized into a separate chain of command within the Ministry of War of Japan in 1919. In May 1925, the Imperial Japanese Army Air Corps was established under the command of Lieutenant General Kinichi Yasumitsu, it was regarded as a branch equal to the artillery, cavalry or infantry, and contained 3,700 personnel with about 500 aircraft. In a reorganization of 1927-05-05, the was created, each consisting of two battalions, with each battalion consisting of up to four squadrons. Each Air Regiment was a mixed purpose unit, consisting of a mixture of fighter and reconnaissance squadrons.
Commanders By World War Two the command structure of the Imperial Japanese Air Service fell under three separate areas. Operations were controlled by the Chief of General Staff through the area Army's direct to the Air Army's in each respective area. Training fell under the Inspectorate General of Aviation and personal, administration, and procurement fell under both the Minister of War and the Aviation Headquarters.
Air Army Commanders See the respective Air Army: 1st Air Army 2nd Air Army 3rd Air Army 4th Air Army 5th Air Army 6th Air Army
Inspectorate General of Aviation See the Inspectorate General of Aviation
Minister of War See Ministry of the Army
Aviation Headquarters
Second Sino-Japanese War and World War II By 1941, the Japanese Army Air Force had about 1,500 combat aircraft. During the first years of the war, Japan continued technical development and deployment of increasingly advanced aircraft and enjoyed air superiority over most battlefields due to the combat experience of its crews and the handling qualities of its aircraft.
However, as the war continued, Japan found that its production could not match that of the Allies. On top of these production problems, Japan faced continuous combat and thus continued losses. Furthermore, there were continual production disruptions brought on by moving factories from location to location, each transfer with the goal of avoiding the Allied strategic bombing. Between these factors and others, such as the restricted strategic materials, the Japanese found themselves materialistically outmatched.
In terms of manpower, Japan was even worse off. Experienced crews were killed and replacements had not been planned. The Japanese had lost skilled trainers, and they did not have the fuel or the time to use the trainers they did have. Because of this, towards the end of its existence the JAAF resorted to kamikaze attacks against overwhelmingly superior Allied forces.
World War II aircraft
Important aircraft used by the Imperial Japanese Army Air Force during the Second Sino-Japanese War and World War II were:
Fighters
Nakajima Ki-27 'Nate' Nakajima Ki-43 'Oscar' Nakajima Ki-44 'Tojo' Kawasaki Ki-45 Kai 'Nick' Kawasaki Ki-61 'Tony' Nakajima Ki-84 'Frank' Kawasaki Ki-100 Mitsubishi Ki-109
Bombers
Mitsubishi Ki-21 'Sally' Mitsubishi Ki-30 'Ann' Kawasaki Ki-32 'Mary' Kawasaki Ki-48 'Lily' Nakajima Ki-49 'Helen' Mitsubishi Ki-67 'Peggy'
Forward air control aircraft
Mitsubishi Ki-51 'Sonia' Kawasaki Ki-102 'Randy'
Transports
Nakajima Ki-34 'Thora' Mitsubishi Ki-57 'Topsy' Kawasaki Ki-56 'Thalia' Kokusai Ki-59 'Theresa'
Reconnaissance planes
Mitsubishi Ki-15 'Babs' Tachikawa Ki-36 'Ida' Mitsubishi Ki-51 'Sonia' Mitsubishi Ki-46 Dinah
Trainers
Tachikawa Ki-9 Spruce Tachikawa Ki-17 'Cedar' Tachikawa Ki-55 'Ida' Tachikawa Ki-54 'Hickory' Manshū Ki-79 Kokusai Ki-86 'Cypress'
Other planes Kokusai Ki-76 'Stella' Kayaba Ka-1
Organization
Army Aeronautical Department Sections Commander-in-Chief of Army Air Service Office Air Service Staff Department General Affairs and Administrative Department Inspectorate General of Aviation General Affairs Unit of Inspectorate of Army Aviation Air Training and Instruction Department Imperial Japanese Army Air Service Academy