Pro-form

In linguistics, a pro-form is a type of function word or expression that stands in for (expresses the same content as) another word, phrase, clause or sentence where the meaning is recoverable from the context. They are used either to avoid repetitive expressions or in quantification (limiting the variables of a proposition).

Pro-forms are divided into several categories, according to which part of speech they substitute: A pronoun substitutes a noun or a noun phrase, with or without a determiner: it, this. A prop-word: one, as in "the blue one" A pro-adjective substitutes an adjective or a phrase that functions as an adjective: so as in "It is less so than we had expected." A pro-adverb substitutes an adverb or a phrase that functions as an adverb: how or this way. A pro-verb substitutes a verb or a verb phrase: do, as in: "I will go to the party if you do". A pro-sentence substitutes an entire sentence or subsentence: Yes, or that as in "That is true".

An interrogative pro-form is a pro-form that denotes the (unknown) item in question and may itself fall into any of the above categories.

The rules governing allowable syntactic relations between certain pro-forms (notably personal and reflexive/reciprocal pronouns) and their antecedents have been studied in what is called binding theory.

Table of correlatives Some 19th-century grammars of Latin, such as Raphael Kühner's 1844 grammar, organized non-personal pronouns (interrogative, demonstrative, indefinite/quantifier, relative) in a table of "correlative" pronouns due to their similarities in morphological derivation and their syntactic relationships (as correlative pairs) in that language. Later that century, L. L. Zamenhof, the inventor of Esperanto, made use of the concept to systematically create the pro-forms and determiners of Esperanto in a regular table of correlatives. The table of correlatives for English follows.

+ Table of correlatives interrogative demonstrative quantifier proximal medial distal assertive existential elective/dubitative existential universal negatory positive alternative determiner whichwhat this (sg.)these (pl.) that (sg.)those (pl.) yonyonder some anywhicheverwhichsoever everyeachall no another pronoun human whowhom (obj.) this (one) (sg.)these (ones) (pl.) that (one) (sg.)those (ones) (pl.) yonyonder someonesomebody anyoneanybodywhoeverwhomever (obj.)whosoeverwhomsoever (obj.) everyoneeverybodyall no onenobody anothersomeone elsesomebody else nonhuman what this (one) (sg.)these (ones) (pl.) that (one) (sg.)those (ones) (pl.) yonyonder something anythingwhateverwhatsoever everythingall nothing something elseelseother out of two (dual) which this one (sg.)these (ones) (pl.) that one (sg.)those (ones) (pl.) yonyonder one eitherwhicheverwhichsoever both neither other out of many (plural) some (pl.)one (sg.) anywhicheverwhichsoever eachall none another pro-adverb location where here there yonder somewhere anywherewhereverwheresoever everywhere nowhere elsewhere source whence hence thence somewhence anywhencewhenceverwhencesoever everywhence nowhence elsewhence goal whither hither thither somewhither anywhitherwhithereverwhithersoever everywhither nowhither elsewhither time when now then sometimesomewhen anytimeanywhenwheneverwhensoever everalwayseverywhen every time nevernowhen another timeelsewhen manner howwhereby sohereby thusthereby somehow anyhowhoweverhowsoever everyway everywise no way nowise otherwise elsewise reason whywherefore herefore therefore for some reasonsomewhy whyeverwhysoever for every reason for no reasonnowhy

Some languages may have more categories. See demonstrative.

Note that some categories are regular and some are not. They may be regular or irregular also depending on languages. The following chart shows comparison between English, French (irregular) and Japanese (regular):

interrogative quantifier existential negative human whoquidare someonequelqu'undareka no one(neg. +) personnedaremo + neg. nonhuman whatquenani somethingquelque chosenanika nothingriennanimo + neg. location whereoùdoko somewherequelque partdokoka nowherenulle partdokomo + neg.

(Note that "daremo", "nanimo" and "dokomo" are universal quantifiers with positive verbs.)

Some languages do not distinguish interrogative and indefinite pro-forms. In Mandarin, "Shéi yǒu wèntí?" means either "Who has a question?" or "Does anyone have a question?", depending on context.

Pro-form

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