Count Emmo, Immo or Immon, was the name of at least one important Lotharingian nobleman in the 10th century, described by medieval annalists as a cunning strategist. Various life events of a nobleman of this name were recorded, although historians differ about exactly which records refer to the same person or people. The first record claimed for him shows him as a young noble granting land to a new vassal in the Condroz region in 934, a member of the entourage of Duke Gilbert of Lotharingia. During the revolt of Gilbert which ended at the Battle of Andernach in 939, he switched sides. After the revolt he was personally associated with the fort at Chèvremont, near Liège. It becomes difficult later in Immo's life to be sure that all records mentioning a count of this name are referring to the same person.
Condroz 934
Kurth (1898) and Dierkens (1988) claimed that the first record of "Comte Immon" is in 934, where he appears in Waha, in Marche-en-Famenne as the brother of a Wibert, and relative of a Frederic. This document concerned property in the Condroz, according to Kurth in Ave-et-Auffe (fr) now in Rochefort, Belgium.The Latin says in pago condrustinse in villa harsia [or harfia] super fluvio alblivi. The river alblivi is identified by Nemery as the Ry d'Ave (fr). That the charter, kept by the Abbey in Stavelot, was important is, says Kurth, proven by the fact that Duke Gilbert of Lotharingia himself and his entourage signed it, implying that Immo himself was part of this entourage.Dierkens (1988, p.24) Kurth believed that this Immo was local to the region (now southern Belgium).The document is reproduced in Ritz, Urkunden, p.26. See also Nemery concerning the place, and the date being 934. Nemery believed (p. 147 fn) that this Immo might be too early to account for all the later records of Count Immo connected to it by Kurth, but he felt it could be a relative.
"Crafty" Count Immo of the Lotharingian rebellion of 939 During the Lotharingian rebellion of Duke Gilbert, which ended with the Battle of Andernach in 939, Widukind of Corvey describes Count Immo as "acute and exceptionally sly" (Latin "versutum et callidum nimis"), and Emperor Otto, who knew he was an important counselor to Gilbert, “decided it was better to use this man’s cunning rather than fight with arms”. Immo chose the stronger side, and Gilbert "took this badly" because Immo had been someone who had supported him and been loyal. Immo captured a fort, and then under siege captured an entire herd of the duke's pigs using a piglet, infuriating the duke and causing a mobilization against Immo. Immo then had a large number of beehives thrown at the duke's mounted men, causing the horses to be stung. The duke broke off the siege. Gilbert is reputed to have said “When Immo was with me, I was able to maintain the loyalty of all of the Lotharingians easily. Now, even with all of the Lotharingians, I am not able to capture him, while he stands alone.”
Widukind himself expressed uncertainty about a story that Immo later took up arms against king Otto, but "surrounded by an army" and "in the middle of the winter", he surrendered and became "faithful and useful" (fidelis et utilis, used to denote the behavior of those who Otto defeated and then forgave). One of the questions historians have is when this winter siege could have occurred. Jongbloed (2009 pp. 19–20) proposes that this rebellion must be a much later one known from the winter of 953/4.
Thirdly, Widukind reported that after the Battle of Andernach, where Duke Gilbert died, two Lotharingian nobles named Ansfrid and Arnold, held the fortification of Chèvremont near Liège. They were talked down by Count Immo who suggested they could still be allies against the king, and offered Ansfrid his only daughter's hand. He captured them when they came to meet, and sent them to the king, suggesting that Ansfrid would need the hardest torments during questioning. In this passage, Immo is described as having been brought up by Duke Gilbert, and always with him as a friend before the rebellion. As Dierkens has pointed out, this description matches the Immo of 934 in Waha, who seemed to be in the entourage of the Duke. Dierkens also believes that after the taking of Chèvremont, he possibly became the keeper of the fort for some decades.
Activity during the 944 discontent (Count Immo) In 944, Regino of Prüm reports (944 MGH p. 162) that during a period of apparent unrest caused by the dead Duke Gilbert's Regnarid family, there was a complaint to the king from the chapter of Saint Servatius in Maastricht against a count Immo. He had been impeding the sending of the Saint's relics to Duisburg, where the king would hold court. These relics had been held by Maastricht for the lifetime of Duke Gilbert (d.939), and were therefore due to return to the possession of Trier.
Historians see a possible connection with a grant made by the king to a faithful Rabangar, probably the owner of Ravengiersburg (de), near Koblenz.Diplomata Otto I MGH DD OI p.146 In German at RI II,1 n. 124 This grant was made on the recommendation of Count Immo.
Possible connection to the castle of Logne The Vita Brunonis altera describes how at a meeting of Lotharingian magnates in Aachen after Bruno became Duke in 953, an Emmo was enraged by the complaints of Abbot Odilo of Stavelot, and proceeded to take control of Stavelot possessions. Bruno eventually put him prison and made him promise not to repeat his actions, before being released. The Vita describes him as taking pledges of faith and it also describes him as a relative (propinquus) of either Bishop Balderic I of Liège (d.959), or Duke Bruno himself, who was a member of the royal family.
One of the possessions which was taken back into the possession of Stavelot at this time was the castrum of Logne, in the Ardennes, and this has led to suggestions that this particular Immo is the soldier, not described as a count, (Emmo de Longia, qui erat miles Hugonis ducis) who fell fighting under Hugh Capet in 976 in Hainaut.Flodoard p.407 Note that as this man died fighting in 976, he was unlikely to have been the noble who first appears in a 934 record.
Rebellion of 959-960 (Immo) 11 June 958, there are signs of a connection between Immo and Namur, and of tension once more increasing with the central royal power. A charter of King Otto orders his brother Bruno and Count Godfrey that they should give Chastre (near Namur), which Immo once had, to Tietbold their follower. This is described as being in the Darnegau (fr), in the county of Count Robert (of Namur).MGH DD OI. 194, p.275.
Flodoard reported that in 959 Count Robert I of Namur and his ally named Immo, who was a counselor of Bruno, each fortified a stronghold, Robert at Namur, and Immo at Chevremont - the same fortification where "crafty" Count Immo, probably the same man, had talked down Duke Gilbert's nephews years earlier. Because the fortification was well-prepared and foraging was difficult in the countryside around it, Bruno had to withdraw from a siege there.
After 960 In a charter dated 20 Apr 963 in Liège, Robert count of Namur (no longer in rebellion) signed first, and after him (according to the interpretation of Jongbloed) counts Giselbert (of the Ardennengau), Folcwin (of Huy), Emmo and Herman.Miraeus (Foppens ed.) (1734) 2nd ed. Opera Diplomatica et Historica Vol III p.294. This appears to be a collection of some of the most important counts from the Liège region.
17 January 966, a royal charter states that a certain Rudolf's property at Gelmen (today divided between St Truiden and Heers, but then in the county of a Count Werner in the pagus of Hesbaye) had been confiscated because of his infidelity, and was now in hands of the Collegiate church of Maria in Aachen. Instead, "our faithful Count Immo" would receive it and in exchange gave a large number of possessions scattered between various counties:MGH DD Otto I p.430 In the country (pagus) of Liugas east of Liège, in the county of Count Richar (in pago Liuhgouui in comitatu Richarii), Furon, Curcella, In the country of the Moilla gau (de) in the county of Count Eremfried (in pago Mulehkeuue in comitatu Eremfredi) Herklenze, Hostrich, Berge, Ricolferod, Wazzerlar, In the Auelgau (de) in the county of Eberhard (in pago Auvlgowi in comitatu Eberhardi) Limberge, Rameresdorf, Dullendorf, Breitenbach, Zeizendorp. Various historians believe that the faithful count Immo here is "crafty" Count Immo (without agreeing on his origins).Jongbloed (2009 p.24) lists for example Godefroid Kurth, Leon Vanderkindere and Ulrich Nonn (de) as all believing this is the Count Immo known from the 939 rebellion. He disagrees.
In 968 Baerten believes it is the same count Immo again who appears in an important charter concerning the allodial lands of the Regnarids near Meerssen, granted by the widow of the late Duke Gilbert (d. 939) to the Abbey of Saint-Remi. Count Emmon appears here as advocatus (Dierkens says advocatus of St Remy) and another important witness appears to be the man crafty count Immo tricked off the Chèvremont, Ansfried the elder.Camps ed. Oorkonden van Noord-Brabant 690-1312 p.31 ff
Vanderkindere speculated that Count Immo in his later years, after the death of Werner in 973, might have taken over a county in the Hesbaye area near his possession of Gelmen. He proposed that this would explain why one of the first count of Loon, several generations later, was also known as Emmo or Immo.
Other possible records 981 muster In 981 "Herman or Ammo" had to supply 60 armored riders to the Liège bishop for the up-coming Italian campaign.Indiculus loricatorum p.633. MGH Const I 436 If this is read as describing two people, rather than a name and a nickname for example, then it implies that these two men were responsible for mustering soldiers in the Liège region. Dierkens believes these two men had responsibility to actually bring the forces to the King, but does not believe that this would be crafty Immo. As he and other historians note though, the same two names appear among the witnesses in the 963 Liège charter.
The related name Irimfrid
The name Emmo or Immo was at least originally a short-form of longer names such as Irmenfried or Irimfrid, which also had short forms such as Immed and Ezzo in some families. There were one or more counts named Ehrenfried in the Hesbaye region and the Liège region, both in what is now eastern Belgium, near the Meuse river. Trying to identify the connections of this person (or persons) has therefore also been important in discussions about the origins of the 11th century County of Loon and County of Duras.
Although a more local explanation has also been proposed, for example by Godefroid Kurth, some or even most of the records proposed for this person are proposed by other historians to be either Yrimfrid, son of Ricfrid, whose family is associated with what is now the Netherlands, to the north, or "Erenfried II" (as he is known in some modern scholarship), apparent father of Hermann Pusillus of the "Ezzonid" family in what is now Germany, to the east. However, records for these two counts from their proposed Rhine homelands are in fact very poor, so there is disagreement about how to distinguish them, and this can only be considered based on other information about probable connections of other members of the two families to those places. In fact, it has also historically been proposed, for example by Léon Vanderkindere (1902), that these two are the same person, and even now the ancestry of the Ezzonid Erenfried II remains uncertain, whereas in the case of the son of Ricfried, nothing is certain except his parentage and siblings.