Belkov (masculine, ) or Belkova (feminine, ) is a Russian surname. Notable people with the surname include:
Gennadiy Belkov (born 1955), Uzbekistani high jumper Konstantin Belkov (born 1980), Russian football player Maxim Belkov (born 1985), Russian road cyclist Olga Bielkova (born 1975), Ukrainian economist and politician Vladimir Belkov (1941–2022), Russian football coach and former player