A voiceless palato-alveolar sibilant affricate or voiceless domed postalveolar sibilant affricate is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages. It is familiar to English-speakers as the "ch" sound in "chip".
This sound is transcribed in the International Phonetic Alphabet with , , , or in some broad transcriptions (though this is the symbol for a voiceless palatal plosive). There is also a ligature , which was retired by the International Phonetic Association but is still used. An alternative commonly used in Americanist tradition is .
Historically, often derives from a former voiceless velar stop (as in English church; also in Gulf Arabic, Slavic languages, Indo-Iranian languages and Romance languages), or a voiceless alveolar stop by way of palatalization, especially next to a front vowel (as in English nature; also in Amharic, Portuguese, some accents of Egyptian, etc.).
Features Features of a voiceless domed postalveolar affricate:
Occurrence Language Word IPA Meaning Notes Adyghe /čamë/چەمہ 'cow'Some dialects contrast labialized and non-labialized forms. Albanian 'opened' Aleut Atkan dialect 'to wash' Amharic /anči 'you' Arabic Central Palestinian (Normally unwritten)/mačtabe 'library' Corresponds to in Standard Arabic and other varieties. See Arabic phonology Iraqi /čitāb 'book' Jordanian (Normally unwritten)/čitāb Aragonese 'game' Armenian Eastern /čënčquk 'sparrow' Assyrian ܟ̰ܝܡܐ/č’yama 'to shut' Found in native terminology. Widespread usage in all dialect varieties. Developed from an original /tˤ/. Asturian 'Cyprus' Mostly found in loanwords, if possible, usually replaced by x . Azerbaijani /اکینچی 'the ploughman' Bengali /čošma 'spectacles' Contrasts with aspirated form. See Bengali phonology Basque 'boat' Bulgarian /čučuliga 'lark' See Bulgarian phonology Catalan Some speakers 'car' Its pronunciation varies between an alveolo-palatal and a postalveolar fricative. See Catalan phonology. Some Valencian speakers 'cheque' Some speakers 'all, everyone' Central Alaskan Yup'ik 'parka hood' Choctaw 'tobacco' Coptic Bohairic dialect /čoh 'touch' Czech 'guinea pig' See Czech phonologyDhivehiޗަކަސް / čakas'mud'Relatively rare, usually occurs in loanwords / onomatoepic words Dutch Tjongejonge 'jeez' An exclamation of (mild) annoyance, surprise, wonder or amazement.
Pronunciation is region dependent. English beach 'beach' Slightly labialized . See English phonology Esperanto 'because' See Esperanto phonologyEstonian[ˈtʃelˑo]'cello'Rare, occurs only in loanwords. see Estonian phonology Faroese 'to do' Contrasts with aspirated form. See Faroese phonologyFinnish[ˈt̪ʃe̞kːi]'Czechia'Rare, occurs only in loanwords. See Finnish phonology French Standard 'rubber' Relatively rare; occurs mostly in loanwords. See French phonology Acadian tiens '(I/you) keep' Allophone of /k/ and /tj/ before a front vowel. Galician 'full' Galician-Portuguese is conserved in Galician and merged with in most Portuguese dialects. See Galician phonology Georgian /čixi 'impasse' German Standard 'bye' Laminal or apico-laminal and strongly labialized. See Standard German phonology Greek Cypriot /čai 'tea' Hausa / 'disease, pain' Hebrew /čuva 'answer' See Modern Hebrew phonology Hindustani Hindi /cāy 'tea' Contrasts with aspirated form. See Hindustani phonologyUrdu/çāy Haitian Creole 'sports match' Hungarian 'fruit juice' See Hungarian phonology Italian 'hi' See Italian phonology Javanese //چۤڎَاك 'near' Kʼicheʼ 'Kʼicheʼ' Contrasts with ejective form Kabardian /čanž/چەنژ 'shallow' Kashmiri /cāy/ 'tea' Kashubian czësto 'cleanly' Kharia 'side' A low-tone pitch in the first syllable, then gradually turns high in the second one. See Anderson (2014) for discussion. Khortha 'mark' Kurdish /هرچ 'bear' Ladino 'quilt' Macedonian 'wait' See Macedonian phonologyMalay Malaysian/چوچي'to wash'See Malay phonology Indonesian Palatal according to some analyses. See Malay phonologyMalayalamചതി/chathi'betrayal'See Malayalam phonology Maltese 'bleach' Manx 'lord' Marathi /čahá 'tea' Contrasts with aspirated form. Allophone of /tɕ / and /ts/.See Marathi phonologyMongolianKhalkha dialectнаргиж/nargič'laugh' Nahuatl 'armadillo' Norwegian Some dialects 'kitchen' See Norwegian phonology Nunggubuyu jaro 'needle' Occitan 'juice' See Occitan phonology Odia /caka 'wheel' Contrasts with aspirated form. Persian /чӯб/çub 'wood' See Persian phonology Polish Gmina Istebna 'dark' and merge into in these dialects. In standard Polish, is commonly used to transcribe what actually is a laminal voiceless retroflex affricate. Lubawa dialect Malbork dialect Ostróda dialect Warmia dialectPortuguese Most northern and some central Portuguese dialects 'to call' Archaic realization of etymological . Its use is diminishing due to influence of the standard language, being replaced by . Most Brazilian dialects 'present' Allophone of before (including when is not actually produced) and other instances of (e.g. epenthesis), marginal sound otherwise. See Portuguese phonology Most dialects 'bye' In Standard European Portuguese it occurs only in recent loanwords. Punjabi / /čol 'rice' Quechua chunka 'ten' Romani'bird'Contrasts with aspirated form. Romanian 'sky' See Romanian phonology Rotuman 'to flee' Russian 'person' Scottish Gaelic 'health' Southern dialects only; standard pronunciation is [tʲ]. See Scottish Gaelic phonology Serbo-Croatian Some speakers 'chocolate' In varieties that do not distinguish from . Silesian Gmina Istebna szpańelsko [t̠͡ʃpaɲɛskɔ] 'Spanish' These dialects merge and into . Jablunkov [t̠͡ʃpaɲɛlskɔ]Slovak'number'See Slovak phonologySlovene'cottage'Solostsino[t͡ʃinɔ]'bone' Spanish 'chocolate' See Spanish phonology Swahili /جِيچٗ 'eye' Swedish Finland 'twenty' See Swedish phonology Some rural Swedish dialects 'love' Tagalog 'driver' See Tagalog phonology Tlingit 'ten' Turkish 'very' See Turkish phonology Tyap 'love' Ubykh /čëbžëya 'pepper' See Ubykh phonology Ukrainian /čotyry 'four' See Ukrainian phonology Uzbek /چۉل 'desert' Welsh 'chips' Occurs in loanwords. See Welsh phonology West Frisian 'Tytsjerksteradiel' See West Frisian phonology Yiddish 'knick-knack' See Yiddish phonology Zapotec Tilquiapan
Mandarin Chinese, Russian, Japanese, Korean, Mongolian, Polish, Catalan, and Thai have a voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate ; this is technically postalveolar but it is less precise to use .
Related characters There are several Unicode characters based on the tesh digraph (ʧ): is an IPA superscript letter is used in phonetic transcription has been used in phonetic descriptions of Polish
Voiceless postalveolar non-sibilant affricate
Features
Its place of articulation is postalveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue behind the alveolar ridge.
Occurrence
Language Word IPA Meaning Notes English Australian tree 'tree' Phonetic realization of the stressed, syllable-initial sequence . In General American and Received Pronunciation, the less common alternative is alveolar . See Australian English phonology and English phonology General American Received Pronunciation Scottish Gaelic Lewis sitrich 'to neigh' Palato-alveolar. Phonetic realization of after palatal or palatalised consonants in medial clusters.
Notes
References
External links