ᛒ is a rune that is transliterated as b or ƀ () in the Germanic Elder Futhark and the Anglo-Saxon Futhorc writing systems respectively, and as b or p in the Norse Younger Futhark.
The letter shape is likely directly based on Old Italic 𐌁, whence comes also the Latin letter B.
Proto-Germanic tradition The reconstructed Proto-Germanic rune name is *berkanan, meaning "birch". While the reconstructed name may have varied historically, the sense of "birch" is uniform across all Runic traditions, including potential derivatives like Irish Ogham, which also uses "birch" for B ().
In Proto-Germanic, including descendants such as Proto-Norse and thereof, the rune could beyond voiced bilabial plosive also make the phoneme voiced bilabial fricative (corresponding to bh or ƀ), i.e. a V-esque sound. Compare:
+ ᛒ as β in Proto-Norse "raven" Language Amalgam base Attested forms Proto-Norse *hraƀ(a)naʀ → () Old Norse → hrabn, hrapn, hrafn, hravn, hramn Old English → hræfen, hræfn, hrefn, hræmn, hremn, hrem Old Frisian → Old Dutch → Old Saxon → hraƀan, hravan, ravan Old High German → hraban, raban; hram, ram
Gothic tradition + Gothic name bercna? *bercha? *baírkan *bair(i)ka
The Goths used the Elder Futhark for some time before switching to the Gothic alphabet in the 4th century. Like the runic system, they gave corresponding names for all the letters, which for the most part are direct analogs to the rune names, meaning that they most likely ported over the old rune names to their new alphabet. This gives the potentially oldest recorded form of the rune name in the corresponding Gothic letter 𐌱 b, recorded in the late 8th century as bercna by Alcuin of York, which was reconstructed by linguist Adolf Kirchhoff (1826–1908) as the earlier proper form (*baírkan); alternatively it is a misspelling of *bercha, reconstructed by Peter Andreas Munch (1810–1863) as (*bairika), by Kirchhoff as (*bairka; ).
Anglo-Saxon / Old English tradition
The Anglo-Saxon and Old English name is recorded as beorc or berc ("birch" or "poplar"). It is found as early as the 8th century, as featured in the Old English rune poem.
The Old English rune poem goes:
Norse tradition In West Norse tradition (Norway, Iceland) the rune is called bjarkan, meaning birch, albeit archaically, as the common form for birch is . The form probably existed in East Norse as well (Denmark, Sweden), as the Old Danish Norse form biercan is found in Codex Leidensis (10th c.).cod. leidensis lat. 4:o, 83
Danish tradition In Denmark, in comparison to Iceland, Norway, and Sweden, no indigenous rune poem is known. Little is preserved of Danish runic tradition, but some runic names are known. As aforementioned, the rune name "bjarkan" is recorded in Danish Old Norse as biercan, as found in Codex Leidensis (10th c.).cod. leidensis lat. 4:o, 83
Another Danish name is recorded in Abecedarium Nordmannicum (10th c.), which became largely unreadable in the 19th century due to a failed preservation attempt. A handwritten copy exists from 1826, by Wilhelm Grimm, which has the name written as brica or briꞇa (brita) depending on the assumed identity of the fourth character, either being c or ꞇ (insular t). If "brica" is correct, then a reasonable scenario could be that it is a corruption or misspelling of the name birka. If "brita" is correct, then various theories are possible. For example, Brita is a Nordic shortform for the name Birgitta, which stems from the same root as the Irish pagan goddess Brigid, who is believed to have had the "birch" as her holy tree. Likewise, "Börk", a Nordic dialect form for birch, is recorded as a variation of the given name Brita in Västerbotten and Norrbotten in Sweden.
Icelandic tradition In Iceland, the rune is called bjarkan per Norwegian tradition. The Old Icelandic rune poem is partially incomplete, as the original record, AM 687d 4°, is damaged and impossible to make out at parts, such as the bjarkan poem. Many different forms are recorded. A recorded form by Jón Ólafsson of Grunnavík (1732), attributed to either Magnus Olafsson (c. 1573-1636) or a Sveinn a Barði, with Latin translation, reads as:
Norwegian tradition In Norway, the rune is called bjarkan. The Old Norwegian rune poem goes:
Swedish tradition In Sweden, the rune is called birkal (also recorded as bÿrkal), with secondary forms like birk or björk (Old Swedish: biørk), birke, and birka.
The suffix -al in Birkal is assumed to be a diminutive or agent suffix or thereof (reconstructed earlier form: *birkil(l) or *bjarkal(l)), meaning "fruit of the tree", "outgrowth", or therearound based on the runic poems ( , "acorn"; , "beech nut"). This is supported by its primary Swedish rune kenning, ("birch buds/sprouts most flourishing").Bureus: Runakänslånäs lärä_spån (1599)
Birk and björk simply mean "birch".
Birke is a forestry term meaning "birch grove" and "birch lumber". Johannes Bureus attested it in 1599 as the name used in the Dalecarlian runic alphabet.
Birka is partly a regional variation of birke, but in Old Norse it also meant "trading center" — see Birk (market place), Bjarkey laws.
There are multiple recorded Swedish rune poems, all of which are short rune kennings. Some shows features of the High to Late Middle Ages and regional variation, with others showing archaic features of unknown older descent, with some select being analog to the Norwegian and Icelandic poems.
The earliest recorded poem was done rather unknowingly by Johannes Bureus in 1599, simply listing them as ("meaning") in Latin. An incomplete alternative collection was recorded in a letter by in 1600, and a supplemented third version, more similar to the Bureus collection, was published by Georg Stiernhielm in 1685. Various random forms are also recorded by Olaus Verelius in 1675, found scattered alongside equivalent short forms of the Icelandic poems. Olof Rudbeck the Elder published further recorded forms in his work (1698), which also included poems recorded by Ole Worm in Danicorum Monumentorum (1643), Bureus, and Verelius etc. He cites his new poems from "a Teten", "Professor " (1643–1702), "Adjunct Johannes Andreae Murich" (1651–1679), and "" (1670–1697) and "" (1618–1671).
+ Swedish kennings Publisher Date Kenning Translation Note Bureus 1599 "Birch buds most flourishing" Kenning for the name birkal ("birch bud/sprout"). 1600 "The birch grove greenest" Kenning for the name birke ("birch grove/lumber"). Verelius 1675 "Birch's buds most flourishing" Kenning for the name birkal ("birch bud/sprout"). "Birch grove fair" Kenning for the name birke ("birch grove/lumber"). Stiernhielm 1685 "Birch buds most flourishing; Kenning for the name birkal ("birch bud/sprout"). Birch forest greenest,i.e. best (material) for working" Kenning for the name birke ("birch grove/lumber"). Rudbeck 1698 "Of the birch, the grove greenest" Kenning for the name birke ("birch grove/lumber"). "Birch grove green" Kenning for the name birke ("birch grove/lumber"). "Balder trades livestock/possessions"? Kenning for the name birka ("trading center")? (Verel.) "Birch buds most flourishing" Kenning for the name birkal ("birch bud/sprout"). "Farmer bates best"? See Rudbeck's second exegesis (below). (Worm.) "Birch has the greenest leaves of any plant-limb" The Norwegian poem.
Rudbeck (1698) also gives three unspecified "exegeses" to the kennings:
Rudbeck's exegeses Translation "The birch grove is the greenest, it is beautifully shapedOh how everyone wishes, that the birch becomes green." "This year the deciduous forest will be nice for gathering leaves for the livestock,and everyone who goes to the thing assembly will win something as a trade,and it will be a good thing year." "This year gives and good work lumber to shop."
Norse p-rune (Plástr)
The Norse ᛒ rune primarily stood for /b/, but also represented /p/. In the Early Medieval period, various improvements were made to the Norse runic system in order to make it easier to write with, leading to some proper p-runes. Such generally lacked its own name, but have at times been referred to as ("bandage").
Stung Bjarkan/Birkal A stung version of Bjarkan/Birkal appeared in the 12th century (Old West Norse: stunginn Bjarkan; Old Swedish: stungen Birkal), meant to indicate that the rune made a /p/ sound.
Open Bjarkan/Birkal The stung version of the Bjarkan/Birkal ᛔ was complex to carve, leading to a simplified modification where the loops were opened, leading to the "open Bjarkan/Birkal".
Turned Bjarkan/Birkal In Norse Medieval writing, the ᛒ was sometimes mirrored to represent /p/ instead of /b/. Such runes are recorded in Early Modern Swedish as being called "turned runes" (). A potential name could be ("ᛒ turned") based on other recorded rune names.
Notes
See also Beith (letter) Bluetooth Elder Futhark Loki Rune poem
References