The Xianyou dialect (Pu–Xian Min: / ; ) is a dialect of Pu–Xian Min Chinese spoken in Xianyou, Putian in the southeast coast of Fujian province, China.
Phonology The Xianyou dialect has 15 initials, 45 rimes and 7 tones.
Initials + Bilabial Alveolar Lateral Velar Glottal Stop Unaspirated voiceless 巴 打 家 烏 Aspirated voiceless 彭 他 卡 Nasal 麻 拿 雅 Fricative Voiceless 沙 下 Voiced * * Affricate Unaspirated voiceless 渣 Aspirated voiceless 査 Approximant 拉
Rimes + 鴉 平 拗 江 壓 奥 泛 王 屋 科 烏 裔 愛 煙 黑 改 伓 衣 反 油 張 引 益 夜 丙 要 鹽 葉 夫 位 風 画 歪 搬 碗 活 余 頓 恩 役 鵝 然 羊 藥
Tones + No.1234567Tonesdark level陰平light level陽平rising上聲dark departing陰去light departing陽去dark entering陰入light entering陽入Tone contour (544) (24) (332) (52) (21) (ʔ2) (ʔ4)Example Hanzi詩巴時爬始把試霸寺罷濕北實拔
Assimilation Coda of the Former SyllableInitial of the Latter SyllableAssimilationCoda of the Former SyllableInitial of the Latter SyllableGroup AOpen syllable , →remain unchanged , , , , , , , Group B (nasal coda) , , , , , , , remain unchanged , , , null initial remain unchanged, or , , , , , remain unchangedGroup C (glottal coda) , , remain unchanged , , , , , , , , , null initial Group EOpen syllable , , nasalizationremain unchanged nasalized rime nasalization nasalized rimeremain unchanged
Tone sandhi The Xianyou dialect has extremely extensive tone sandhi rules: in an utterance, only the last syllable pronounced is not affected by the rules.
The two-syllable tonal sandhi rules are shown in the table below (the rows give the first syllable's original citation tone, while the columns give the citation tone of the second syllable):
+ Tone sandhi of the first syllable dark level544light level24rising332dark departing52light departing21dark enteringʔ2light enteringʔ4dark level54424222422light level2422445222rising332244424dark departing524433445244light departing2122445222dark enteringʔ2ʔ4light enteringʔ4ʔ2ʔ4ʔ2
Notes
References