Taranov (, from таран meaning ram, ramming) is a Russian masculine surname, its feminine counterpart is Taranova. It may refer to:
Anastasiya Taranova-Potapova (born 1985), Russian triple jumper Ivan Taranov (footballer) (born 1986), Russian footballer Ivan Taranov (racing driver) (born 1994), Russian racing driver Yelena Taranova (born 1961), Azerbaijani paralympic sport shooter