Kartashov (masculine, ) or Kartashova (feminine, ) is a Russian surname. Notable people with the surname include:
Alena Kartashova (born 1982), Russian wrestler Anatoly Kartashov (water polo) (1937–2005), Russian water polo player Anatoly Kartashov (cosmonaut) (1932–2005), Soviet cosmonaut Maksim Kartashov, Kazakh journalist Vladimir Kartashov (1957–2002), Russian artist Vyacheslav Kartashov (born 1966), Russian soccer player
See also Anton Kartashev (1875–1960), Russian historian