The murder of Tair Rada, a 13-year-old Israeli schoolgirl, was committed in 2006, in the girls' bathroom of her school in Katzrin. Roman Zdorov, a Ukrainian national residing in Israel and working at the school as a floorer, was initially convicted of the murder and was sentenced to life imprisonment on September 14, 2010. His prosecution and conviction have been a source of controversy, receiving much media coverage, as well as being the focus of an Israeli documentary TV series called Shadow of Truth that has gained worldwide attention on Netflix. On August 26, 2021, Zdorov was released from prison to house arrest after many appeals.
On March 30, 2023 Zdorov was retried and was released as not guilty for the crime.
Murder and initial investigation In December 6, 2006, 13-year-old Tair Rada of Katzrin reportedly decided to skip the last period of that schoolday. She stayed outside in the schoolyard with friends for a while, before going back into the building to get a drink of water. She was last seen by several students going up a staircase leading to a mid-floor of 10th grade classes. Later that afternoon, when she failed to return home, her mother contacted the police, and a search began. That evening around 7 p.m., she was found murdered in a locked stall in the girls' bathroom—her throat slit twice and multiple additional cuts to her face, torso, and hands.
According to news reports from the evening of the murder, the police's initial estimate was that classmates were involved. This theory was dismissed soon thereafter. On the night of the murder, police detained a homeless person as a suspect. Three days later police detained the school gardener as well. Both were released two days later due to the fact they weren't at or near the school on that day and their alibis were confirmed.
On December 11, police detained and interrogated Zdorov. On December 19, two weeks after the murder, police announced in a press conference during prime time television, on the 8 p.m. evening news, that Roman Zdorov, a maintenance man, is held as the most likely suspect and that he had admitted and reenacted the murder. A day later, his attorney informed that he had recanted his confession.
The motive for the murder, as initially stated by the police, was insults hurled at Zdorov after he denied Tair's request for a cigarette. Both her family and friends, however, stated that not only did she not smoke, but she couldn't even stand the smell of cigarettes. They also stated that rude behaviour and cursing were very uncharacteristic of her. That motive was dropped. Police later claimed that the motive was sexual abuse Zdorov suffered by female classmates when he was an 8-year-old in Ukraine, which caused a rage fit after he suffered continuous pestering by the school's students during his work, but that could not be confirmed. No alternative motive for the murder was presented by police in the indictment.
Indictment and trial
DNA Initially, the Israel Police leaked to the press that DNA samples from the crime scene were matched with Zdorov's.
DNA and other "mounting evidence" were cited by the Judge when remanding Zdorov in custody. Later, the indictment was filed with no DNA evidence.
The State Prosecution explained the filing of the indictment with no DNA evidence or laboratory test results as follows: The fact that the prosecution filed an indictment based on substantial evidence that exists implicating Zdorov without waiting for the U.S. lab results show there is sufficient evidence tying him to the murder, and the case isn't based wholly on that issue.
The DNA test results were inconclusive.
Shoe imprints A shoe-print police expert by the name Yaron Shor claimed to have found additional bloody footprints on Tair Rada's jeans that matched Zdorov's Salamander shoes. British shoe imprint expert Dr. Guy Cooper testified in 2009 that the stains could not be considered Zdorov's shoe imprints, if shoe imprints at all. His testimony was dismissed by the Court.
FBI veteran, shoe imprint expert William Bodziak, also claimed in his 2013 testimony that these stains could not be determined to be Zdorov's shoe imprints, if shoe imprints at all. His testimony was also dismissed by the Court.
Hair Hair discovered at the murder scene did not match Zdorov. Three pieces of hair found on Rada's body belonged to three different unknown people. Not all of the hair found in the crime scene were tested for DNA, since the police told the lab to stop all tests once Zdorov confessed.
Students in Tair's high school Media reports in the early days after the murder criticized the Israel Police for searching for the murderer through the vast areas of the Golan Heights and the Galilee, instead of focusing on suspects within the school building itself.
One of the students later testified in Court that she saw under the bathroom stall, where the murder was committed, Tair's Puma shoes, youth-size Allstar shoes and blood.
A long list of students went through the bathroom around the time of the murder, while Tair apparently struggled with the murderers, and some of them even noticed highly suspicious circumstances.
Tair's mother stated on various occasions that she didn't believe that Zdorov was the murderer, and that she believed that the true murderers were "from Tair's world". She alluded that the murderers were high school students whom she believed to be members of a Satanic cult.
In May 2016, an attorney representing two of the female students, Nufar Ben David and Lee Lahyani issued a letter to leaders of Roman Zdorov's support groups a "warning prior to filing a lawsuit" letter, demanding an apology, adequate monetary compensation, and a promise to cease defamatory publication. In response, recipients of the demands and threat published on June 4, 2016 a statement, rejecting the demands. Later that year, slander lawsuits were filed.
Judicial process Trial commenced in January 2007 with the filing of the indictment in the Nazareth District Court, followed by the September 2010 initial conviction, October 2010 filing of Zdorov's appeal in the Supreme Court of Israel, March 2013 remand to the Nazareth District Court for additional review of the evidence, and February 2014 supplemental judgment by the Nazareth District Court—again convicting Zdorov. On December 23, 2015, the Israeli Supreme Court denied Zdorov's appeal by a 2 to 1 decision of a panel of three justices. Zdorov's team immediately asked for a new hearing by an expanded panel.
No signed confession was filed with the indictment, Zdorov having recanted both his confessions and refused to sign his second one. However, police officers testified that he confessed in investigation that he had committed the murder. No motive for the murder was provided in the indictment.
The 456 page, September 2010 conviction by a three-judge panel headed by Judge Yitzhak Cohen—then Presiding Judge of the Nazareth District Court—was read out in a dramatic open court hearing. It stated that there was no doubt that Zdorov was the murderer, and that his testimony was full of lies and manipulations. Therefore, Zdorov was further convicted on obstruction of a police investigation. The lack of any motive for the murder was found no object by the judges.
In March 2013, the Supreme Court of Israel remanded the case back to the Nazareth District Court for rehearing of evidence by expert witnesses, as requested by Zdorov's lawyers: William Bodziak, a world-renowned forensics expert—regarding the footprint found on the clothes of the murdered girl, and Dr. Maya Forman-Reznik, a pathologist—regarding the murder weapon and the trauma injuries found on her head.
Key evidence, relating to the murder knife and shoe imprints, key issues in this case, were not settled. In February 2014, the Nazareth District Court returned a supplemental judgment, again convicting Zdorov. The Nazareth District Court rejected the testimony of the defense expert about the kind of knife used in the murder, and called the assertion that it was not possible to identify the bloody shoe print "embarrassing and fundamentally flawed."
The December 23, 2015 denial of the appeal by the Supreme Court of Israel was rendered by a 2:1 split panel. The Jerusalem Post summed up the controversy and the Supreme Court's decision as follows:
The case captivated the media and public. It was a tragic, small-town murder that, from the beginning, was dogged by rumors, including that local teenagers had killed Rada and the town or teachers had covered it up, finding an easy fall guy in Zdorov, an immigrant from the former Soviet Union. The 300-page majority opinion upholding the conviction on Wednesday, which included justices Isaac Amit and Zvi Zylbertal, found three major grounds for its decision, despite the disputes over the shoe prints and the knife. Aspects of Zdorov's confession while under arrest to a confidential informant, of his confession to interrogators and his participation in reenacting aspects of the crime were decisive, wrote the court.
The Supreme Court's denial of the appeal failed to settle the case. Zadorov's team immediately asked for a new hearing by an expanded panel.
The Zdorov case raised the issue of prosecutorial misconduct, lack of oversight of the State Prosecution, false convictions in general, and reluctance of the Israeli courts to reverse false convictions.
On May 11, 2021, the Supreme Court ordered a retrial for Zdorov. In his final ruling as a Supreme Court justice, Hanan Melcer said that based on the evidence presented by his attorneys, there was sufficient reasonable doubt to exonerate Zdorov.
On March 30, 2023, Roman Zadorov was exonerated of the murder. This decision came after 2 Supreme Court judges ruled 2-1 that there is "reasonable doubt" Zadorov is the culprit.
Judge Yitzhak Cohen affair By September 2014, Presiding Judge Yitzhak Cohen of the Nazareth District Court, who twice convicted Zdorov, left on vacation, and by November 2014 he resigned, after police recommended his prosecution for sexual harassment of a female attorney in his chambers.
In parallel, Justice Minister Livni ordered a probe to determine whether Moshe Lador and other highly placed figures attempted to cover up to the sexual harassment.
Conduct of the State Prosecution, Dr. Forman and Dr. Kugel affairs Regarding the Zdorov affair, Law Professor Mordechai Kremnitzer wrote in October 2014: "Conduct of the prosecution is scary... the State Prosecution is not seeking the truth... the justice system is mostly busy protecting itself..." His comments were published in the wake of the Tel-Aviv Labor Court judgment in the lawsuit of senior forensic medical expert Dr. Maya Forman against the State of Israel, Ministry of Health and others. Her case became an entirely separate scandal, which was described by Israeli media as persecution, settlement of accounts, and a retaliation campaign by Chief State Prosecutor Shai Nitzan against Dr. Forman for her professional, honest, expert testimony in the Zdorov affair.
The State Prosecution first fought to prevent Dr. Forman from testifying in the Nazareth court in Roman Zdorov's case. Dr. Forman eventually testified for Zdorov in the Nazareth District Court that the murder was committed using a serrated knife, not a smooth-edged Japanese knife.
In its February 2014 supplemental judgment the Nazareth District Court not only rejected Dr. Forman's expert testimony, but also heavily criticized her professional conduct.