Lift fan is an aircraft configuration in which lifting fans are located in large holes in an otherwise conventional fixed wing or fuselage. It is used for V/STOL operation.
The aircraft takes off using the fans to provide lift, then transitions to fixed-wing lift in forward flight. Several experimental craft have been flown, but only the F-35 Lightning II entered into production.
History
A number of experimental aircraft were evaluated in the USA during the late 1950s and throughout much of the 1960s.
The Republic Aviation AP-100 was a prototype VTOL 6x General Electric J85 Turbojet engined nuclear capable strike fighter concept designed by Alexander Kartveli that had 3x ducted fans in the centre of its fuselage and tail as a possible contender for the TFX Program.Project Hummingbird (Technical Report) A Technical Summary and Compilation of Characteristics and Specifications on Steep-Gradient Aircraft, Volume 88, April 1961. By United States Federal Aviation Agency. Page 143-144, Figure 175.Air Progress History of Aviation Spring 1961 editionAviation Week and Space Technology, Lift-Fan Tests Show VTOL Potential. August 8, 1960
The Avro Canada Avrocar, commissioned by the US, was intended to be a technology demonstrator for a supersonic VTOL aircraft. It featured a single central fan in a circular flying wing, with engine thrust directed rearwards for forward flight. It underwent trials between 1958 and 1961 but, due to its unstable "flying saucer" aerodynamics and lower than expected thrust, never flew out of ground effect. The Verticraft Verticar of 1961 was a similar single-fan, directed-thrust, all-wing (or lifting body) aircraft, of conventional but very low-aspect-ratio wing planform. It failed to fly. A tandem-fan version was proposed but never built.Retro Mechanix (retrieved 11 March 2014 ) By contrast the Ryan XV-5 Vertifan of 1964 was an otherwise conventional delta-wing jet. It had a large fan in each wing and a third, smaller fan in the nose to provide balance in pitch. It was more successful, with one of the two prototypes flying until 1971.
The Vanguard C2 and C2D Omniplane had two fans side by side, with one in each wing. It underwent tethered trials between 1959 and 1962 but never flew untethered. In the late 1960s NASA conducted wind tunnel experiments on a series of larger aircraft designs using different numbers of fans in the wings.
Beginning with a one-sixth scale model in 1962, Paul Moller has been experimenting with the flying saucer configuration ever since. All have had a central cockpit but have varied between a single lift fan surrounding the cockpit, twin fans behind the cockpit or, more recently, eight individual fans distributed around it. Some examples such as the XM-2 of 1965 have been able to hover within ground effect. The artificially stabilised M200X was re-engined in 1989 and can fly out of ground effect, but has not entered production.IFO picture library - Moller's Skycars
Several projects were announced in 2010 and 2011. The Ray passenger aircraft had four fans arranged approximately in a square, similarly to a quadrotor, with a small fan in front of a larger one behind it in each wing.Ray ResearchOn Fans and Wings - Switzerland's VTOL Ray, Aviation Week, 2010AeroRevue, "Ray" - new life for Vertical Takeoff Aircraft (English translation from German) The Lockheed Martin VARIOUS was a multi-role military UAV with twin fans side by side, one in each wing.Lockheed Martin: VARIOUSLockheed VARIOUS UCAV concept The Northrop MUVR ship-to-shore resupply aircraft similarly had a fan in each wing.Wraps Off Northrop's Fan-in-Wing MUVR, Aviation Week, 2011 Unlike these the Anglo-Italian AgustaWestland Project Zero hybrid tiltrotor/lift-fan unmanned technology demonstrator was actually built and flew successfully in 2011. It has side by side twin fans which can rotate into a vertical plane to act as propellers in forward flight, while still located within the wing structure.
The F-35 Lightning II uses the Rolls-Royce LiftSystem, in which 29,000 hpWarwick, Graham. " F-35B - The STOVL Challenges " Aviation Week & Space Technology, December 09, 2011. Accessed: April 10, 2014.Warwick, Graham. " F-35B - Lift Fan " Aviation Week & Space Technology, December 09, 2011. Accessed: April 10, 2014.Lockheed Propulsion System VTOL.org. Retrieved: 19 September 2010. is diverted forward through a driveshaft from the engine's low-pressure (LP) turbine via a clutchWarwick, Graham. " F-35B - Clutch " Aviation Week & Space Technology, December 09, 2011. Accessed: April 10, 2014. and bevel-gearbox to a vertically mounted, contra-rotating lift fan located forward of the main engine.
Israeli enterprise Urban Aeronautics is developing a wingless drone that uses a pair of lift fans to ensure lift by ground effect and another pair of fans for forward flight.
Table of lift fan aircraft Type Country Date Role Status DescriptionAgustaWestland Project Zero Italy/United Kingdom 2011 Experimental Prototype 2 tiltrotor–fans; hybrid tiltrotor–fan in-wing unmanned technology demonstratorAvro Canada VZ-9 Avrocar Canada 1958 Experimental Prototype 1 central fan in circular flying saucer wing; 2 flown; trials 1958–61, never flew out of ground effectGrumman Future Air Attack Vehicle (FAAV) USA 1993 Fighter Project 2 fans in wingsHawker Siddeley HS 138 United Kingdom 1969 Strike fighter Project 4 fans in wingsHawker Siddeley P.1017 United Kingdom 1962 Fighter Project 2 fans in nose, 2? in tail sectionsLockheed Martin F-35 Lightning IIUSAFighterIn service 1 fan, F-35B variant onlyLockheed Martin VARIOUS USA 2010 Project 2 fans; multi-role UAVMoller M200X Volantor USA 1989 Experimental Prototype 8 fans in circular flying saucer wingNASA wind tunnel test models USA 1967 Transport Project Various designsNorthrop Grumman MUVR USA 2011 Project 2 fans; ship-to-shore resupply aircraftPegasus VBJ South Africa 2019 Business jet Project Fans in cranked dihedral wing, and at rear for thrust; 1/8-scale model flown, prototype due in 2020Ray 2010 Project 4 unequal-size fansRepublic AP-100 USA 1957 Strike fighter Project 3 fans in fuselage centreRyan XV-5 Vertifan USA 1964 Experimental Prototype 3 fans unequal-size; 2 craft built, 1 flew until 1971Tactical Robotics CormorantIsraelExperimentalPrototypeUAVVanguard Omniplane: C2, C2D 1959 Experimental Prototype 2 fans; tethered trials 1959–62Verticraft Verticar USA 1961 Experimental Project 1 fan in flying wing lifting body; 1 prototype, failed to fly
See also Lift jet VTOL
References
External links M.J. Kinch - THE EMPLOYMENT OF JET V-STOL AIRCRAFT AT SEA