List of Solar System extremes

This article describes extreme locations of the Solar System. Entries listed in bold are Solar System-wide extremes.

By feature

Record Data Feature Ref. Largest canyon 4000 km long, 200 km wide Valles Marineris, Mars NASA, "Ius Chasma" (accessed 2010-11-15) Tallest mountain21.9–26 km (13.6–16.2 mi) Olympus Mons, Mars Unnamed mountain, Máni Tallest volcano25 km (15.5 mi) Olympus Mons, Mars Universe Today, "The Largest Volcano in the Solar System", Fraser Cain, 16 July 2008 (accessed 2010-11-15) Tallest cliff20 km (12.4 mi) Verona Rupes, Miranda, Uranus Largest impact crater North Polar Basin, Mars

By class

Type Average density Average temperature Average surface gravity Lowest Highest Lowest Highest Lowest Highest Star 1.4 g/cm3 SunThe Physics Factbook, "Density of the Sun", May Ko, 1999 (accessed 2010-11-06)Universe Today, "Density of the Sun", Fraser Cain, 24 September 2008 (accessed 2010-11-06) 5778 K SunUniverse Today, "Temperature of the Sun", Fraser Cain, 15 September 2008 (accessed 2010-11-06)The Physics Factbook, "Temperature on the Surface of the Sun", Glynise Finney, 1997 (accessed 2010-11-06) 274 m/s2 SunYale-New Haven Teachers Institute, 07.03.03: "Voyage to the Planets" , Nicholas R. Perrone, 2007 (accessed 2010-11-11) Major planet 0.7 g/cm3 SaturnUniverse Today, "Density of the Planets", Abbey Cessna, 9 August 2009 (accessed 2010-11-06)The Physics Factbook, "Density of Saturn", Meredith Garmisa, 1997 (accessed 2010-11-06) 5.51 g/cm3Earth Universe Today, "Density of the Earth", Fraser Cain, 10 March 2009 (accessed 2010-11-06)The Physics Factbook, "Density of the Earth", Katherine Malfucci, 2000 (accessed 2010-11-06) 73 K NeptuneUniverse Today, "What is the Coldest Planet of Our Solar System?", Fraser Cain, 28 May 2010 (accessed 2010-11-06)Universe Today, "Temperature of Neptune", Fraser Cain, 28 November 2008 (accessed 2010-11-06)Journey Through the Galaxy, "Planets of the Solar System" , Stuart Robbins, David McDonald, 14 September 2006 (accessed 2010-11-06) 733 K VenusPlanet Facts, "Temperature on Venus – The Hottest Planet" (accessed 2010-11-06) 3.70 m/s2Mercury 23.1 m/s2 Jupiter Dwarf planet 1.4 ±0.2 g/cm3 OrcusThough astronomers generally accept Orcus as a dwarf planet, some doubt remains 2.52 ±0.05 g/cm3 Eris 30 K Makemake 167 K Ceres ≈0.2 m/s2 Orcus 0.8 m/s2 Eris Major moon of major or dwarf planetA major moon is a moon that is hydrostatically round. 0.98 g/cm3 Tethys 3.53 g/cm3 Io Universe Today, "Density of the Moon", Fraser Cain, 3 November 2008 (accessed 2010-11-11) 38 K Triton Praxis, "Distant Worlds", Peter Bond, 2007, , , pg.247 250 K Moon ABC News (USA), "Moon Base Camp Would Offer 'Practice'", Amanda Onion, 12 January 2004 (accessed 2010-11-11) 0.064 m/s2 Mimas 1.796 m/s2 Io

Type Escape velocity Mass Volume (radius)Lowest Highest Lowest Highest Lowest Highest Star617.7 km/s Sun332,830 MEarth Sun Cambridge University Press, "Planetary Sciences, Second Edition", Imke de Pater, Jack J. Lissauer, 2010, , pg.2Views of the Solar System, "Sun", Calvin J. Hamilton, 2009 (accessed 2010-11-15)695,000 km Sun Major planet 4.3 km/s Mercury 59.5 km/s Jupiter 0.055 MEarth Mercury Cambridge University Press, "Planetary Sciences, Second Edition", Imke de Pater, Jack J. Lissauer, 2010, , pg.6 318 MEarth Jupiter 2500 km Mercury Cambridge University Press, "Planetary Sciences, Second Edition", Imke de Pater, Jack J. Lissauer, 2010, , pg.4 69886 km Jupiter Dwarf planet ≈0.43 km/s Orcus 1.3 km/s Eris 0.0000916 MEarth OrcusMass calculated using Vanth's estimated mass 0.0028 MEarth Eris 487.3 km Ceres 1188 km Pluto Major moon of major or dwarf planet 0.16 km/s Mimas 2.74 km/s Ganymede 0.000006 MEarth Mimas 0.0250 MEarth Ganymede the neighborhood, "g alilean moons of jupiter" , Raymond Harris, 2009 (accessed 2010-11-11) 198 km Mimas 2634 km Ganymede Cambridge University Press, "Planetary Sciences, Second Edition", Imke de Pater, Jack J. Lissauer, 2010, , pg.10

Extreme characteristicMajor planet Dwarf planet Major moon (of a major or dwarf planet) Densest atmosphere VenusAs the transition from atmosphere to other is unclear for the giant planets, they are not included in this Johns Hopkins University Press, "Alien Volcanoes", Michael Carroll, Rosaly Lopes, Fall 2007 (accessed 2010-11-20)University of Massachusetts; Department of Astronomy, "The Terrestrial Planets - Quiz 8", T. Arny (accessed 2010-11-21) Pluto Titan

By object Astronomical body Elevation (height above/below datum) Elevation (height above/below base) Surface temperature Highest Lowest Highest Lowest Highest Lowest Sun N/A 5,000,000 K In a solar flare Goddard Space Flight Center, "What is a Solar Flare?", Gordon Holman, Sarah Benedict, 2007 (accessed 2010-11-11) 1240 K In a sunspot Serbian Astronomical Journal, "On the Effective Temperature of Sunspot Umbrae using Beryllium Hydride Isotopomer Lines", Sangeetha, R.; Sriramachandran, P.; Bagare, S. P.; Rajamanickam, N.; Shanmugavel, R., vol. 179, pp. 95-99, December 2009, , Mercury Caloris Montes, northwest Caloris Basin rim mountains Icarus, "The morphology of Mercury's Caloris basin as seen in MESSENGER stereo topographic models", Oberst, Jürgen; Preusker, Frank; Phillips, Roger J.; et al., Volume 209, Issue 1, p. 230-238, September 2010, , Lerner Publications, "Mercury", Gregory Vogt, 2010, , pp.31 723 K Dayside of Mercury World Book at NASA, "Mercury" , Maria T. Zuber, 2004, World Book Online Reference Center (accessed 2010-11-11) 89 K Permanently shaded polar craters Venus Maxwell Montes, Ishtar Terra Astronomy Magazine, "Astronomy for Kids: Venus" (accessed 2010-11-06)NRAO, "Venusian Mountain Maxwell Montes" (accessed 2010-11-06)NOAA, "Venus Topography and Shaded Relief" (accessed 2010-11-06)National Academy Press, "Physics Through the 1990s: Scientific Interfaces and Technological Applications", National Research Council, 1986, pp.100, Diana Chasma, Aphrodite Terra Internet Encyclopedia of Science, "Venus", David Darling (accessed 2010-11-06) 755 K lowlands of Venus 644 K Maxwell Montes, Ishtar Terra Mohawk Valley Astronomical Society, "Planetary Personalities, Part 1 of 3: The Inner Planets", Perry Pezzolanella, February 2008 (accessed 2010-11-11) Earth Mount Everest, Nepal - Tibet, China Universe Today, "Tallest Mountain", Abbey Cessna, 30 November 2009 (accessed 2010-11-05) Challenger Deep, Mariana Trench, Pacific Ocean Universe Today, "Deepest Point On Earth" , John Carl Villanueva, 3 September 2009 (accessed 2010-11-06) Mauna Kea, Hawaii, United States of America Mariana Trench, Pacific Ocean Earlham College, Geosciences 211: Physical Geology (2003), "Marianas Trench" , Ruairi K. Rhodes, 2003 (accessed 2010-11-06) 330 K Furnace Creek Ranch, Death Valley, United States (more info) 184 K Vostok Station, Antarctica (more info) Mars Olympus Mons, Tharsis Hellas Planitia The Physics Factbook, "Altitude of the Lowest Point on Mars", Allison Chin, 2003 (accessed 2010-11-05) Olympus Mons, TharsisHawaiian Encyclopedia, "The Hawaiian-Emperor Chain", Daniel Harrington, Mutual Publishing (accessed 2010-11-06) Melas Chasma, Valles Marineris Universe Today, "Melas Chasma: The Deepest Abyss on Mars", Nancy Atkinson, 8 October 2010 (accessed 2010-11-05) 293 K Martian equator in midsummer day 120 K Martian poles in the depths of winter night NASA Quest, "Mars Facts" (accessed 2010-11-11) Jupiter N/A 152 K 110 K Kid's Cosmos, "Explore Jupiter" , 2009 (accessed 2010-11-15) Saturn N/A 143 K 82 K Kid's Cosmos, "Explore Saturn" , 2009 (accessed 2010-11-15) Uranus N/A 68 K 59 K Kid's Cosmos, "Explore Uranus" , 2009 (accessed 2010-11-15) Neptune N/A 53 K 50 KKid's Cosmos, "Explore Neptune" , 2009 (accessed 2010-11-15) Moon 5.4125°, 201.3665° The Register, "Highest point on the Moon found: Higher than Mount Everest", Lewis Page, 29 October 2010 (accessed 2010-11-05)Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Camera, "Highest Point on the Moon!" , Mark Robinson, 26 October 2010 (accessed 2010-11-05) Antoniadi Crater (-172.58°E, 70.38°S) 400 K midday on the equator 26 K Permanently shadowed southwestern edge of the northern polar zone Hermite Crater in winter solstice BBC News, "'Coldest place' found on the Moon", Jonathan Amos, 16 December 2009 (accessed 2010-11-11) Io Boosaule Montes Springer-Praxis, "Io After Galileo", Rosaly M. C. Lopes, John Robert Spencer, 2007, , pp.110Cambridge University Press, 'Planetary Tectonics', "Tectonics of the outer planet satellites", Paul M. Schenk et al., 2009, `ed. Thomas R. Watters, Richard A. Schultz`, , pp.289 Europa conical mountain (34.5N, 169.5W) Icarus, "Europa: Initial Galileo Geological Observations", Greeley, Ronald; Sullivan, Robert; Klemaszewski, James;, Volume 135, pp. 4-24, September 1998, , 132 K Subsolar temperature Ganymede 156 K Subsolar temperature 80 K Nighttime temperature OuterSpaceSite.com, "Jupiter's Moon Ganymede" (accessed 2010-11-22) Callisto 168 K Subsolar temperature Astrophysical Journal, "Callisto: New Insights from Galileo Disk-resolved UV Measurements", Hendrix, Amanda R.; Johnson, Robert E., Volume 687, Issue 1, pp. 706-713, November 2008, , 80 K Predawn nighttime temperature "17 Callisto" , Jeffrey M. Moore et al. (accessed 2010-11-25) Titan Mithrim Montes, Xanadu Mimas Enceladus 110 K Tiger Stripes Views of the Solar System, "Saturn II - Enceladus", Calvin J. Hamilton, 2009 (accessed 2010-11-28) Tethys Dione Rhea Iapetus Voyager Mountains, equatorial ridge and bulge Solar System Exploration, "The Mountains of Saturn's Mysterious Moon Iapetus" , NASA, 16 October 2008 (accessed 2010-11-11)JPL, Cassini Solstice Mission, "Iapetus" , NASA (accessed 2010-11-11)itWire, "Ridge on Saturn moon Iapetus was hard nut to crack", William Atkins, 23 July 2007 (accessed 2010-11-11) Ariel Umbriel Titania Oberon Miranda 20 kilometers (12 mi) Verona RupesAstronomy Picture of the Day, "2007 July 23", NASA, 23 July 2007 (accessed 2010-11-10) Triton Nereid Proteus Charon Ceres Ahuna Mons 235 K Views of the Solar System, "Dwarf Planet Ceres", Calvin J. Hamilton, 2009 (accessed 2010-11-27) Pluto Norgay Montes, Tombaugh Regio 45 K Enchanted Learning Software, "Pluto", 2010 (accessed 2010-11-27) 35 K Eris 41 K Memphis Archaeological and Geological Society, "Eris: dwarf planet larger than Pluto", Mike Baldwin, 11 November 2006 (accessed 2010-11-27) 30 K Makemake Haumea The bodies included in this table are: (1) planemos; (2) major planets, dwarf planets, or moons of major or dwarf planets, or stars; (3) hydrostatically round so as to be able to provide a geodetic datum line.

By distance List of Solar System objects most distant from the Sun

List of Solar System extremes

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