The Symphony No. 1 in E minor is the first symphony written by the American composer Florence Price. The work was completed in 1932 and was first performed by the Chicago Symphony Orchestra under the conductor Frederick Stock in June 1933. The piece was Price's first full-scale orchestral composition and was the first symphony by a Black woman to be performed by a major American orchestra.

Background The symphony was composed between January 1931 and early 1932 while Price recovered from a broken foot. In February 1932, Price entered the symphony in the Rodman Wanamaker Competition, in addition to three other concert works that she composed. While all of Price's entries received recognition, her Symphony in E minor won the first place $500 prize for a symphonic work. The award brought Price national recognition and caught the attention of the conductor Frederick Stock of the Chicago Symphony Orchestra. Stock later premiered the symphony with the Chicago Symphony Orchestra on 15 June 1933 at the Auditorium Theatre, Chicago.

In this symphony, Price calls upon multiple sources of inspiration from both the Western classical tradition and Black musical idioms. Most obvious is her replacement of the conventional third-movement scherzo with a Juba dance, but similarly the influence of African-American spirituals can be heard in many of the pentatonic themes used throughout the work.Brown, Rae Linda (1987). Selected Orchestral Music of Florence B. Price (1888–1953) in the Context of Her Life and Work. ProQuest Dissertations Publishing. pp. 94-98Hobbs, Erin (2017). Rehearing Florence Price: A Closer Look at Her Symphony in E Minor. ProQuest Dissertations Publishing. p. 7. Additionally, Price drew inspiration from Antonín Dvořák’s Symphony No. 9 in E minor, “From the New World”, with Rae Linda Brown noting that:

Instrumentation The work is scored for the following orchestra:

Woodwinds 2 Piccolos 2 Flutes 2 Oboes 2 Clarinets in A 2 Bassoons

Brass 4 Horns 2 Trumpets in A 3 Trombones Tuba

Percussion (3 players) Timpani Bass drum Cymbals Celesta ‘Cathedral Chimes’ (see clarification below) Triangle Large African Drum Small African Drum Glockenspiel Wind Whistle Snare Drum

Strings Violins I, II Violas Cellos Double Basses Most performances of the work use tubular bells for the ‘Cathedral Chimes’ in the first and second movements; however, the organ at the Auditorium Theatre had cathedral chime stops that may have been used at the premiere.Price, Brown, Shirley 2008, p. 220.

Form The symphony has a duration of roughly 40 minutes and is composed in four numbered movements.

I. Allegro ma non troppo

The first movement is written in a sonata form, with deviations in the recapitulation.Hobbs, 2017, pp. 7-9. The main themes of the exposition are predominantly based on the pentatonic scales of E minor and G major. Following the development section, a traditional recapitulation of the opening material is declined, and instead the themes are fragmented and combined to bring the movement to a striking close.

II. Largo, maestoso

The second movement opens with a hymn-like theme played by a brass choir. The theme is composed in the verse-refrain form and features interjections by the flutes and clarinets. A contrasting section in C♯ minor marked Poco più mosso functions as an interlude between statements of the hymn theme.Brown, 1987, pp. 98-99 After a long developmental section, the hymn theme returns again, this time decorated with a clarinet obbligato and cathedral chimes. The movement comes to a gentle close on an E major chord played by the strings.

III. Juba Dance: Allegro

In this movement Price evokes the musical accompaniment to the Afro-American Juba dance, an American derivation of the African Djouba and the Caribbean Majumba dances.Samantha Ege (2018). Florence Price and the Politics of her Existence. The Kapralova Society Journal: A Journal of Women in Music 16. p. 8.Southern, Eileen and Wright, Josephine (2000). Images: Iconography of Music in African American Culture, 1770s–1920s. New York: Garland Publishing Inc. p. 26. This type of dance music features the use of lively body percussion and upbeat melodies played on the fiddle. The spirit of this dance is captured in the opening bars with the syncopated pentatonic melody in the violins, the pizzicato ‘oom-pah’ accompaniment in the lower strings, and the inclusions of the African drums, replacing the body percussion.Brown, 1987, pp. 109-110 This movement is in Rondo form.

IV. Finale: Presto

The stormy main theme of the final movement is in E minor and uses the whole orchestra. The movement is written in a loose rondo form, with repetitions of the main theme broken up by calmer passages with reduced orchestration and texture.Brown, 1987, p. 116. The movement builds to a frantic prestissimo coda which brings the work to a dramatic close.

Reception The initial critical response to the symphony was positive. Eugene Stinson wrote about the work in the Chicago daily News: “It is a faultless work … a work that speaks its own message with restraint and yet with passion. Mrs. Price's symphony is worthy of a place in the regular symphonic repertoire.”Eugene Stinson (16 June 1933). Chicago Daily News. However, the work has since fallen into relative obscurity. In 2012, Bob McQuiston of NPR called it "an early American symphony worthy of being rediscovered." He further remarked:

See also Symphony No. 3 (Price) Symphony No. 4 (Price)

References

External links