GLONASS (), also known as Uragan () (GRAU Index 11F654) are the first generation of Uragan satellite used as part of the Russian GLONASS radio-based satellite navigation system. Developed by Reshetnev Information Satellite Systems, it had its debut launch on 12 October 1982, with the last launched unit on 25 December 2005 and the retirement of the last unit Kosmos 2403 on 30 April 2009. It has been superseded by the GLONASS-M (GRAU Index 11F654M), the second-generation satellites.

Design It used a 3-axis stabilized pressurized bus with two solar panels, a propulsion module and a payload module. It weighs generates 1000W of power and had a limited design life of 3 years, but it was extended to 5 years in later models. It had a strict requirement of keeping the internal temperature at ±1 °C. The previous design used an embedded liquid cooling system that weighted . The Uragan implemented a gaseous cooling system that put most of the heat generating parts on the outside of the pressure vessel, simplifying the system and weighing just .

The Uragan-M are usually launched in trios, and due to the close distance, the radios of the three would interfere with each other, meaning that the ground segment can only command one satellite at a time. Setting sun pointing attitude for power and then Earth pointing attitude for communications for a single unit takes about 5 hours. Since the radio contact window with ground control is between 4 and 6 hours, ground control can not control all spacecraft in a single pass. The onboard computer in the Uragan-M can put the spacecraft in sun pointing mode autonomously, and does many of the start up processes so the ground segment can take control and process the Earth pointing mode.

The payload consisted of 3 L-Band navigation signals in 25 channels separated by 0.5625 MHz intervals in 2 frequency bands: 1602.5625 - 1615.5 MHz and 1240 - 1260 MHz. EIRP 25 to 27 dBW. Right hand circular polarized. It transmits the FDMA signals L1OF, L1SF and L2SF. It uses 2 Cs clocks with a clock stability of 5 × 10−13. And includes retroreflector for accurate orbit assessment by laser ranging.

Versions The first generation Uragan spacecraft were created under ban of foreign radiation-hardened components and thus had an inferior expected design life of just 1 year. Throughout the years the design was gradually improved to last up to 5 years: Uragan Block I: First batch of 10 satellites. Only has an expected design life of 1 year, but averaged 14 months. Where launched between 1982 and 1985. Uragan Block IIa: Second batch of 9 satellites. Same design life as Block I, but averaged 17 months. Added new time and frequency standards and improved clock stability by an order of magnitude. Launched between 1985 and 1989. Uragan Block IIb: Third batch of 12 satellite. Had a 2-year design life time and averaged 22 months. Two launch failures meant that only 6 were operational. Launched between 1987 and 1988. Uragan Block IIv: The most numerous batch of the Uragan design, it had 56 units built and launched. The initial design life was 3 years but later enhancements on radiation hardening increased that to 5 years. Launched between 1988 and 2005. Uragan Block III: Transitional to GLONASS-M version with new flight control and power systems. This version was incorrectly named Uragan-M in a RIA Novosti news message issued days before the launch. When contacted by Novosti Kosmonavtiki magazine Roscosmos spokesman said all three launched satellites were first generation versions but one of them featured new upgraded flight control and power systems. The official design life was declared to be 5 years. Novosti Kosmonavtiki also pointed out the fact that GLONASS-M project had been approved on August 20, 2001, just three months before Kosmos 2382 launch. Only one Block III satellite with manufacturer number No.11L was produced.

Block I, II, and III nomenclature was introduced in Western publications. In Russian publications both Block I and II are known as 11F654 while Block III is known as 14F17.

GLONASS launches

SatelliteLaunch (UTC)Carrier rocketLaunch siteSatellite typeLaunch Block No.SC s/nOrbital PlaneSlotRetiredRemarks Kosmos 1413 14:57 Proton-KDM-2 Baikonur,200/39 I 1 711 I 1 Kosmos 1490 18:24 Proton-K/DM-2 Baikonur 200/39 I 2 712 I 3 Kosmos 1491 18:24 Proton-K/DM-2 Baikonur 200/39 I 2 713 I 2 Kosmos 1519 00:52 Proton-K/DM-2 Baikonur 200/40 I 3 714 III 18 Kosmos 1520 00:52 Proton-K/DM-2 Baikonur 200/40 I 3 715 III 17 Kosmos 1554 15:11 Proton-K/DM-2 Baikonur 200/40 I 4 716 III 19 Kosmos 1555 15:11 Proton-K/DM-2 Baikonur 200/40 I 4 717 III 18 Kosmos 1593 15:49 Proton-K/DM-2 Baikonur 200/40 I 5 718 I 2 Kosmos 1594 15:49 Proton-K/DM-2 Baikonur 200/40 I 5 719 I 3 Kosmos 1650 22:28 Proton-K/DM-2 Baikonur 200/39 I 6 720 I 1 Kosmos 1651 22:28 Proton-K/DM-2 Baikonur 200/39 IIa 6 721 I 1 Kosmos 1710 21:43 Proton-K/DM-2 Baikonur 200/39 IIa 7 722 III 18 Kosmos 1711 21:43 Proton-K/DM-2 Baikonur 200/39 IIa 7 723 III 17 Kosmos 1778 11:38 Proton-K/DM-2 Baikonur 200/39 IIa 8 724 I 2 Kosmos 1779 11:38 Proton-K/DM-2 Baikonur 200/39 IIa 8 725 I 3 Kosmos 1780 11:38 Proton-K/DM-2 Baikonur 200/39 IIa 8 726 I 8 Kosmos 1838 12:42 Proton-K/DM-2 Baikonur 200/40 IIb 9 730 Failed to reach correct orbit Kosmos 1839 12:42 Proton-K/DM-2 Baikonur 200/40 IIb 9 731 Failed to reach correct orbit Kosmos 1840 12:42 Proton-K/DM-2 Baikonur 200/40 IIb 9 732 Failed to reach correct orbit Kosmos 1883 02:53 Proton-K/DM-2 Baikonur 200/40 IIb 10 733 III - Kosmos 1884 02:53 Proton-K/DM-2 Baikonur 200/40 IIb 10 734 III - Kosmos 1885 02:53 Proton-K/DM-2 Baikonur 200/40 IIb 10 735 III 17 Kosmos 1917 00:23 Proton-K/DM-2 Baikonur 200/39 IIb 11 738 Failed to reach correct orbit Kosmos 1918 00:23 Proton-K/DM-2 Baikonur 200/39 IIb 11 737 Failed to reach correct orbit Kosmos 1919 00:23 Proton-K/DM-2 Baikonur 200/39 IIb 11 736 Failed to reach correct orbit Kosmos 1946 17:57 Proton-K/DM-2 Baikonur 200/39 IIb 12 739 I 7 Kosmos 1947 17:57 Proton-K/DM-2 Baikonur 200/39 IIb 12 740 I 8 Kosmos 1948 17:57 Proton-K/DM-2 Baikonur 200/39 IIb 12 741 I 1 Kosmos 1970 02:00 Proton-K/DM-2 Baikonur 200/39 IIv 13 742 III 17 Kosmos 1971 02:00 Proton-K/DM-2 Baikonur 200/39 IIv 13 743 III 18 Kosmos 1972 02:00 Proton-K/DM-2 Baikonur 200/39 IIv 13 744 III 19 Kosmos 1987 02:05 Proton-K/DM-2 Baikonur 200/39 IIa 14 727 I 2 Kosmos 1988 02:05 Proton-K/DM-2 Baikonur 200/39 IIv 14 745 I 3 Kosmos 2022 08:32 Proton-K/DM-2 Baikonur 200/40 IIa 15 728 III 24 Kosmos 2023 08:32 Proton-K/DM-2 Baikonur 200/40 IIa 15 729 III 19 Kosmos 2079 08:32 Proton-K/DM-2 Baikonur 200/40 IIv 16 746 III 17 Kosmos 2080 08:32 Proton-K/DM-2 Baikonur 200/40 IIv 16 751 III 19 Kosmos 2081 08:32 Proton-K/DM-2 Baikonur 200/40 IIv 16 752 III 20 Kosmos 2109 02:43 Proton-K/DM-2 Baikonur 200/40 IIv 17 747 I 7 Kosmos 2110 02:43 Proton-K/DM-2 Baikonur 200/40 IIv 17 748 I 4 Kosmos 2111 02:43 Proton-K/DM-2 Baikonur 200/40 IIv 17 749 I 5 Kosmos 2139 10:47 Proton-K/DM-2 Baikonur 200/39 IIv 18 750 III 22 Kosmos 2140 10:47 Proton-K/DM-2 Baikonur 200/39 IIv 18 753 III 21 Kosmos 2141 10:47 Proton-K/DM-2 Baikonur 200/39 IIv 18 754 III 24 Kosmos 2177 22:19 Proton-K/DM-2 Baikonur 81/23 IIv 19 768 I 3 Kosmos 2178 22:19 Proton-K/DM-2 Baikonur 81/23 IIv 19 769 I 8 Kosmos 2179 22:19 Proton-K/DM-2 Baikonur 81/23 IIv 19 771 I 1 Kosmos 2204 01:59 Proton-K/DM-2 Baikonur 81/23 IIv 20 756 III 18 Kosmos 2205 01:59 Proton-K/DM-2 Baikonur 81/23 IIv 20 772 III 21 Kosmos 2206 01:59 Proton-K/DM-2 Baikonur 81/23 IIv 20 774 III 24 Kosmos 2234 20:09 Proton-K/DM-2 Baikonur 81/23 IIv 21 773 I 2 Kosmos 2235 20:09 Proton-K/DM-2 Baikonur 81/23 IIv 21 759 I 6 Kosmos 2236 20:09 Proton-K/DM-2 Baikonur 81/23 IIv 21 757 I 3 Kosmos 2275 07:49 Proton-K/DM-2 Baikonur 81/23 IIv 22 758 III 18 Kosmos 2276 07:49 Proton-K/DM-2 Baikonur 81/23 IIv 22 760 III 17 Kosmos 2277 07:49 Proton-K/DM-2 Baikonur 81/23 IIv 22 761 III 23 Kosmos 2287 15:27 Proton-K/DM-2 Baikonur 81/23 IIv 23 767 II 12 Kosmos 2288 15:27 Proton-K/DM-2 Baikonur 81/23 IIv 23 770 II 14 Kosmos 2289 15:27 Proton-K/DM-2 Baikonur 81/23 IIv 23 775 II 16 Kosmos 2294 00:39 Proton-K/DM-2 Baikonur 200/39 IIv 24 762 I 4 Kosmos 2295 00:39 Proton-K/DM-2 Baikonur 200/39 IIv 24 763 I 3 Kosmos 2296 00:39 Proton-K/DM-2 Baikonur 200/39 IIv 24 764 I 6 Kosmos 2307 09:23 Proton-K/DM-2 Baikonur 200/39 IIv 25 765 III 20 Kosmos 2308 09:23 Proton-K/DM-2 Baikonur 200/39 IIv 25 766 III 22 Kosmos 2309 09:23 Proton-K/DM-2 Baikonur 200/39 IIv 25 777 III 19 Kosmos 2316 15:52 Proton-K/DM-2 Baikonur 200/39 IIv 26 780 II 15 Kosmos 2317 15:52 Proton-K/DM-2 Baikonur 200/39 IIv 26 781 II 10 Kosmos 2318 15:52 Proton-K/DM-2 Baikonur 200/39 IIv 26 785 II 11 Kosmos 2323 06:10 Proton-K/DM-2 Baikonur 200/39 IIv 27 776 II 9 Kosmos 2324 06:10 Proton-K//DM-2 Baikonur 200/39 IIv 27 778 II 15 Kosmos 2325 06:10 Proton-K/DM-2 Baikonur 200/39 IIv 27 782 II 13 Kosmos 2362 18:35 Proton-K/DM-2 Baikonur 200/39 IIv 28 786 I 7 Kosmos 2363 18:35 Proton-K/DM-2 Baikonur 200/39 IIv 28 784 I 8 Kosmos 2364 18:35 Proton-K/DM-2 Baikonur 200/39 IIv 28 779 I 1 Kosmos 2374 14:12 Proton-K/DM-2 Baikonur 81/24 IIv 29 783 III 18 Kosmos 2375 14:12 Proton-K/DM-2 Baikonur 81/24 IIv 29 787 III 17 Kosmos 2376 14:12 Proton-K/DM-2 Baikonur 81/24 IIv 29 788 III 24 Kosmos 2380 18:04 Proton-K/DM-2 Baikonur 81/24 IIv 30 790 I 6 Kosmos 2381 18:04 Proton-K/DM-2 Baikonur 81/24 IIv 30 789 I 3 Kosmos 2382 18:04 Proton-K/DM-2 Baikonur 81/24 III 30 711 I 5 with upgraded flight control and power systems Kosmos 2394 07:37 Proton-K/DM-2 Baikonur 81/23 IIv 31 791 III 22 Kosmos 2395 07:37 Proton-K/DM-2 Baikonur 81/23 IIv 31 792 III 21 Kosmos 2396 07:37 Proton-K/DM-2 Baikonur 81/23 IIv 31 793 III 23 Kosmos 2402 13:53 Proton-K/Briz-M Baikonur 81/24 IIv 32 794 I 2 Kosmos 2403 13:53 Proton-K/Briz-M Baikonur 81/24 IIv 32 795 I 4 Kosmos 2411 13:53 Proton-K/DM-2 Baikonur 200/39 IIv 33 796 I 1 Kosmos 2412 13:53 Proton-K/DM-2 Baikonur 200/39 IIv 33 797 I 8 Kosmos 2417 05:07 Proton-K/DM-2 Baikonur 81/24 IIv 34 798 III 22

Satellites by version VersionLaunchedRetiredLaunchFailuresUragan Block I10100Uragan Block IIa990Uragan Block IIb1266Uragan Block IIv56560Uragan Block III110Total88826

References