List of early Hindu–Muslim military conflicts in the Indian subcontinent

The table below lists the early Hindu-Muslim military conflicts in the Indian subcontinent.

(Color legend for victory in the conflicts)

Muslim Hindu Inconclusive

YearAggressorLocationCommanderResult637MuslimTanah, near MumbaiCaliph UmarNaval raid failurec. 643MuslimDebalCaliph UmarNaval raid failurec. 643MuslimBroachCaliph UmarNaval raid failurec. 650MuslimSistanThe Arabs initially succeeded but ultimately lost everything after return650MuslimZaranjCaliph UthmanCity of Zabul occupied by Muslims660s MuslimBustIbn SamarahBust occupied; Kabul garrisoned660s MuslimKabulAbd al-Rahman ibn SamuraAbd al-Rahman seized Kabul and triumphed in Zabulistan.670sHinduKabulunknownHindus recapture Kabul680HinduKabulRatbil, Yazid ibn ZiyadHindu raiding parties harass Muslims683HinduJunzahHindus defeated the Muslims at Junzah, killing the governor and nobles.685HinduThe king of Zabul was killed and his army defeated in 685. His son signed a treaty692MuslimBustAbu Dulhah, RatbilBust retaken by Muslim expedition694MuslimKabulIbn Abi-Makrah, RatbilMajor Muslim siege fails to retake Kabul695MuslimKabulAl-HajjajUbaidullahThe kings of Zabul and Kabul defeated the Muslims, causing many deaths, including Ubaiduliah from grief.699MuslimZabulAl-HajjajAbd-ar-RahmanAbd-ar-Rahman defeated the king of Zabul and ravaged the land.711MuslimDebalUbaidullah, Dahir of Aror (Brahmin dynasty)Ubaidullah killed by Dahir expedition failed712MuslimDebalBudail, Jaisiah (Hullishah) (Brahmin dynasty)Budail was killed and many Arabs taken prisoners raja Dahir was the king at that time713MuslimMultanMuhammad ibn QasimIslamic conquest of urban Sindh completed715HinduAlorJaisiah (Hullishah) (Brahmin dynasty), al-MuhallabHindu army retakes major city from Muslims.715HinduMehranJaisiah (Hullishah) (Brahmin dynasty), al-MuhallabMuslims stall the Hindu counter-offensive718HinduBrahmanabadJaisiah (Hullishah) (Brahmin dynasty), al-MuhallabHindu attacks resume721MuslimBrahmanabad al-Muhallab, HullishahHullishah becomes a Muslim, likely due to military reversals.725MuslimAvantiNagabhata I (Pratihara)Defeat of large expedition against Avanti.723-726MuslimUzain, Mirmad, Dahnaj, othersJunayd of SindhRaiding India as part of Umayyad Hindu policy.723-726Muslimal-Bailaman, al-JurzJunaydAnnexed by Muslims.723-726MuslimVallabhiJunayd of Sindh, Nagabhata I (Pratihara)Pratihara capital sacked in Muslim raid.between 720–730Muslimtowards Central IndiaJunayd, Yashovarman, Lalitaditya MuktapidaLalitaditya's and Yashovarman's strategic alliance repelled and defeated the Muslims."Junayd decided to move menacingly towards Central India, towards Ujjain that was ruled by the king of Kannauj, Yashovarman. But in a diplomatic checkmate against the Arabs, Lalitaditya and Yashovarman joined hands in a strategic alliance to repel and defeat them."740 MuslimChittorMauray of ChittorHindus repulse an Arab siege754-775Muslimar-Rukhraj, Kabul, Kandahar, KashmirCaliph Al-MansurHeavy raids and sieges but few annexations by Muslims778MuslimsBarabadCaliph Al-MahdiMuslim amphibious assault annihilated.Late 770sMuslimSijistanCaliph Al-MahdiRaja of Sijistan made vassal of Caliphate.780-787MuslimFort Tharra, Bagar, BhaqmburHaji Abu TurabVigorous Muslim offensive captures several important Hindu outposts.786-791MuslimKabulCaliph ar-RashidMajor Muslim siege effort fails.800-810HinduSindh borderNagabhata II (Pratihara), Caliph Al-AminSeveral Muslim outposts fall to Pratihara incursions810-820MuslimKabulCaliph Al-Ma'mun, Nagabhata II (Pratihara)Kabul falls to Muslims, is then retaken by Hindus.820-830MuslimFort Sindanal-Fadl ibn MahanSindan captured, but Hindu riots make pacification of Sindh impossible.839HinduFort SindanMihira Bhoja(Pratihara)Hindus expel Muslim garrison.845HinduYavanaDharmpalaMuslim principality becomes vassal of Pratiharas.845-860HinduPratihara-SindhMihira Bhoja (Pratihara)Uneasy truce between Sindh and Rajputana.860HinduRajputana-SindhKokalla I (Kalachuri)Kalachuri raids into Sindh to finance war with Pratihara kingdom867MuslimHeratYakub ibn LaythSaffarid conquest870MuslimKabulYakub ibn Layth, Lalliya ShahiSaffarid conquest880-900MuslimSijistanAmr ibn Layth, Kamaluka ShahiFrequent raids by Muslims.903-905HinduKabul regionShahi dynastyDisintegration of Saffarids allows major Hindu military achievements.905-915HinduMultan regionMahipala PratiharaSeries of major but unsuccessful Hindu sieges of Multan.940-950HinduMultan regionPratihara, Amir of MultanEvidences of war and reprisals prior to the Qarmatian take-over.c. 948-963MuslimAlptiginPunjab Alptigin of Ghazni plunders Punjab several times.Majumdar. 5. p. 2963MuslimAlptigin, Anuk LawikFort GhazniMuslims take fort from Hindus.965-973MuslimLamghanSabuktiginHeavy raiding973HinduGhaznaSabuktiginDefeat of Hindu expedition.973-991MuslimLamghanSabuktigin, Jayapala (Hindu Shahi)Long series of engagements, eventual Muslim annexation of Lamghan

See also Ghaznavid campaigns in India Ghurid campaigns in India List of wars involving the Delhi Sultanate List of wars involving the Mughal Empire

References

Bibliography