Selma Rainio (until 1905 Lilius, 21 March 1873, Saarijärvi, Finland – 5 January 1939, Onandjokwe, South West AfricaPeltola 1958, p. 263. — Ojala 1990, p. 21, 117.) was a Finnish missionary with the Finnish Missionary Society, the first Finnish medical missionary, who founded the Onandjokwe Hospital in the Ondonga tribal area in Ovamboland. She also worked in the Engela Hospital. In Ovamboland, she was known as Kuku Selma ‘grandmother Selma’.
Early life and studies Rainio was born in a Saarijärvi clergy house. Her parents were Chaplain Anton Lilius and Amanda Sofia Perden. Her father Anton represented the clergy in the Diet of Finland for four terms during 1872–1885.
Raino was one of 10 children. The total number of children was 14, but four of them died in infancy. One of the sisters was Lilli Rainio, who became known as collector of folklore and as an author.Ojala 1990, p. 21.
Rainio studied in a private school for girls in Jyväskylä and was issued a diploma when she was 17. After finishing the school she returned home, where she took care of her father, who was paralyzed for the last three years of his life. While taking care of her father, she got the idea that she would study to be a doctor, even though there were no women doctors in Finland at the time. She matriculated from the Helsinki Co-educational School in the spring of 1896. While preparing for the matriculation, she lived together with her sister Lilli in the house of the widow of missionary Weikkolin. Ida Weikkolin told the sisters many a tale from the Ovamboland mission field. It was probably the stories of Mrs. Weikkolin that gave Rainio the incentive to volunteer for missionary work.Ojala 1990, p. 21–23.
Rainio started her studies in the Helsinki University School of Medicine the same autumn. During her studies Rainio was active in the Häme Nation of the university, where she strove to get women equal rights. She also was active in delivering lectures on Finnish Nationalism and Russia's attempts to prevent Finland from gaining her independence. She also participated in the activities of the Women's Christian Association of Finland, which had been founded in 1897.Ojala 1990, p. 24, 26.
Towards the end of 1902, Rainio completed the theory section of her degree in medicine, and early the following year she started her internships in the hospitals of Helsinki. In early 1908, she graduated with a degree in medicine. Elina Ojala, who wrote a master's degree in church history on the life of Rainio, believes that Rainio felt the calling to become a medical missionary sometime during 1903–1905. Before departing for Africa, she studied in Hamburg, in the Institut für Tropenhygiene, and in Tübingen, in the Deutsches Institut für Ärztliche Mission.Ojala 1990, p. 25, 28.
Rainio’s first term in Ovamboland 1908–1919 Rainio arrived in Ovamboland on 14 December 1908. She started her work at the Oniipa mission station. Even during her first month there, she treated between 40 and 50 patients every day. She had no time to study the Oshindonga language, but had to ask other missionaries to interpret for her. When she arrived in Ovamboland, the area suffered from the great famine of 1907–08. During the first year, 7 525 patients were helped, which meant 25 patients per day on average. The number became smaller when a small fee began to be charged from the patients. On the other hand, the patients did not continue their treatments long enough. When the worst pains were over, they thought they were well again and hurried for work in the fields, especially the women.Ojala 1990, p. 29–31.
In 1910, Rainio travelled to all the Finnish mission stations in the area. She paid particular attention to the eye diseases of the Ovambos and observed that midwives would be needed to help with childbirths. She would have wanted a horse for urgent home calls, but the board of trustees of the FMS thought it was too expensive to maintain such an animal.Ojala 1990, p. 33.
Founding of the Onandjokwe Hospital
In January 1911, a hospital building was completed next to Oniipa. It had a corrugated metal roof, the first of its kind in Ovamboland. The building had living quarters, and a combined polyclinic and pharmacy in one room, another room for the necessary operations, and a room for missionary patients. The Ovambos were cared for in huts, of which there were first eight and more were built later. The hospital was inaugurated in a mission feast held in July 1911. The inauguration was performed by the assistant director of the FMS, Rev. Hannu Haahti together with the head of the mission in Ovamboland, Rev. Martti Rautanen. The hospital was called Onandjokwe, ‘the place of wild geese’.Ojala 1990, p. 33–34.
During the same dry season, the first trained nurses arrived there, Karin Hirn in August and Ida Ålander in August. The latter had spent some time in Windhoek getting familiar in the work of a midwife. Also two Ovambo evangelists were hired, and they took care of preaching the Gospel to the patients.Ojala 1990, p. 35–36.
During the inspection trip of Rev. Haahti, Rainio was able to achieve a breakthrough for the medical mission: during the inspection meetings were held about the Finnish missionary work, and Rainio was allowed to write preliminary thoughts on the medical work, and the decisions were taken on the basis of her thoughts.Ojala 1990, p. 42–43.
In 1913 Rainio made a so-called “health trip” to the Cape. She was now able to make a recommendation to the FMS, on the basis of her own experiences, that all missionaries be granted the possibility to make such trips. In addition to the healthy oceanic climate, the benefits of the Cape included a possibility to participate in cultural activities. The missionaries had wanted to make such trips before, but only now, when a medical doctor recommended them, the board of the FMS could not ignore these wishes.Ojala 1990, p. 35–36, 44–45.
Problems on the mission field In the early years, the female missionaries encountered a number of problems. The worst of them was the so-called meeting of the brethren, in which women could not participate. In addition to this, the women were allowed to read the annual reports of the mission field only after they had been printed in Helsinki and shipped back to Africa. Rainio began women's missionary meetings, but these came to a halt after only a year. However, during the visit of Rev. Haahti, general meetings of the missionaries were held in Ovamboland, and this then became the practice on the mission field.
It could also be observed that the salaries of the women were quite inferior to those of the men.Ojala 1990, p. 42.
The relationship between the missionaries and the board of trustees of the FMS were strained, mainly because the board chose to believe in all kinds of rumours and did not make attempts to find out what was going on in the mission field. Rainio also was perplexed about the fact that the missionaries were not allowed to write in public about the tightening grip of the German Reich on Ovamboland. This was due to the fact that Germany and Russia had become more and more hostile towards each other during the years leading up to World War I, but this was not known to the missionaries.Ojala 1990, p. 37–40, 42.
Rainio also thought that the Finns could have had more beneficial attitudes towards the Ovambos. It had been wrong of the Finns to demand that the Ovambos dress in a European manner. On the other hand, when this change had been achieved, the FMS wanted to stop sending clothes to them. Rainio asked her sister Lilli to instruct the sowing societies and friends of the mission to keep on sending clothes to Ovamboland.
The missionaries were not interested in the customs and thoughts of the Ovambos. This led to some of the old customs falling into oblivion, including some that in Rainio's opinion would have been worth keeping.Ojala 1990, p. 40–41.
Consequences of the Great War As a consequence of World War I, the connections between Finland and Ovamboland were cut off for nearly 18 months. For example, in the beginning of 1916, none the salaries of the previous year had been paid to the Finnish missionaries. Also the food aid from the German Colonial Government to the Onandjokwe Hospital had ended soon after the outbreak of the war, and then the South African troops soon seized the control of the country.
In March 1915, the hospital had to be closed for some time, as it had run out of groceries, and it was difficult to find people to work for the hospital among the Ovambos. The food stuffs that Rainio had brought with her the year before had lasted until then.
Among the Ovambos, various illnesses, such as the beriberi became common. Also bacterial infections became common in the hospital. In December 1915 the hospital had to be closed, because the patients began to die one after another. However, the polyclinic continued its operation. The hospital work could only be continued when the infected patient huts had been demolished and new ones had been built to replace them.
In 1915 several Finns were also among the patients, and likewise the head of the English government, Major Pritchard. Thanks to the latter, the new government soon began to issue foodstuffs to the hospital.Ojala 1990, p. 45–50–.
Rainio falls ill In 1917, Rainio fell seriously ill. She left to accompany another Finn taken ill, Miss Selma Santalahti, to Swakopmund. When they arrived there, it turned out that Rainio was more seriously ill than Santalahti. She was weak because e.g. malaria. However, good sustenance and a recuperation period of five weeks restored her energies. Even though a heart condition was also diagnosed, which had long been bothering her, she was able to return to Ovamboland in May 1918.Ojala 1990, p. 48–49.
New diseases in Ovamboland Now some diseases appeared in Ovamboland that had not been known there before. These were chickenpox, measles, meningitis, and mumps. The Spanish flu, however, arrived in Ovamboland only in late 1919, and it had been weakened to the degree that it caused no deaths there.
The prejudices of the Ovambos towards the hospital had now lessened. For example, they allowed themselves to be carried to the hospital on stretchers. Earlier they had taken this as a sign of an inevitable death. Neither did they leave the hospital when someone died there.Ojala 1990, p. 49–50.
The first furlough in Finland 1919–1922 In July 1919, Rainio left for a furlough in Finland. She left Onandjokwe in the hands of Aatu Järvinen. He had arrived on the field in 1917 and had received some medical training in Tübingen.
In Finland, Rainio spent some time in Helsinki organizing things to do with the medical mission in Ovamboland. After that she spent some time with her mother in Saarijärvi, and then returned to Helsinki. In Helsinki, she held lectures in various places, with Africa as her topic. In June 1920, she worked in the Kivelä Hospital in Helsinki, and then she travelled to Tübingen to learn the latest developments in tropical diseases. Even there she lectured on her work in Ovamboland, as requested by the head of the institute, Professor Gottlieb Olpp. In early 1921 Rainio worked for three months as the municipal doctor of Övermark in Ostrobothnia. She also worked in Keuruu and Sulkava. She did not want to return to Africa, because the FMS had made cuts on the budget of Onandjokwe. However, she changed her decision, although she did not appear to be excited about the matter. Her decision was affected by the fact that the missionaries in Ovamboland were tired and there were too few of them for the tasks on hand. Also her own health had become better.Ojala 1990, p. 48, 51–55.
The Second term in 1922–33