Ian Duncan Fraser OBE DSC (9 November 1918 – 7 March 2015) was a Royal Navy officer and pilot, who served with distinction in the Mediterranean Theatre in World War II, particularly in the fighting around Malta. Fraser was awarded the Distinguished Service Cross (DSC) for bravery while attacking enemy shipping, including disabling the Italian light cruiser Luigi di Savoia Duca degli Abruzzi with a torpedo. Fraser was also involved in the dangerous work of dropping mines in enemy harbours, and twice survived being shot down.

After the war, Fraser was a Colonial Service official, notably in Singapore as it moved towards independence.

Early life Ian Fraser was born in Solihull in the West Midlands on 11 September 1921. His father was a priest and originally from Scotland. He was schooled at Marlborough College, then Christ Church, Oxford where he was an undergraduate reading history when the Second World War broke out. Fraser volunteered for the Royal Navy.Daily Telegraph, 16 April 2015.

Service in World War II Training Fraser became a Naval Airman 2nd Class at HMS St Vincent in Gosport, which after the outbreak of war had become an officer training establishment for the Fleet Air Arm (FAA). During 1940, he learned to fly at RAF Elmdon, which was built as a civilian airport (now part of Birmingham Airport), but for the duration of the war was taken over by the Air Ministry and used as an Elementary Flying Training School for the RAF and FAA.See Elmdon Terminal's listing on the National Heritage List for England: https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1458322?section=official-list-entry Fraser was commissioned as an officer in the Royal Navy Volunteer Reserve, then trained as a torpedo bomber pilot and taught how to take-off from, and land on, an aircraft carrier.Daily Telegraph, 16 April 2015. However, rather than serving on an aircraft carrier, Fraser was loaned to the Royal Air Force (RAF) where he flew the land-based Beaufighter fighter-bomber with No. 252 Squadron, RAF Coastal Command.The Times, 19 June 2015.

Active Service in the Mediterranean

In May 1941, Fraser arrived in Malta where he helped to shoot down an Axis transport aircraft, before being sent to the Western Desert Campaign, where he was shot down and spent three days wounded and sheltering beneath the wreckage of his aircraft before being rescued. Fraser was treated in a hospital in Suez, where he was initially viewed as close to death and nearly had an arm amputated. Fraser was then sent to South Africa to recover, then returned to Britain and learned to fly again.Daily Telegraph, 16 April 2015.

Back with the FAA, Fraser was again posted to Malta in 1942 as a pilot in 830 Naval Air Squadron (NAS). In the North Africa campaign, Malta was a base from which British aircraft, ships and submarines attacked Axis convoys shipping supplies and re-enforcements from Italy to Libya. The pressure on the Axis supply lines from British forces on Malta played an important role in wearing down the effectiveness of Erwin Rommel's . Malta had been besieged and subjected to many Axis air raids since 1940.Moorehead, 1944, p. 332. Malta's supply situation had become desperate and 830 NAS operated in Spartan conditions on an island that was in the midst of a battle that has been called 'The Verdun of the Mediterranean'.Konstam 2025, pp. 4–7, 152–158. In the face of heavy combat damage to aeroplanes and shortages, on their aerodrome at RAF Hal Far, 830 NAS’s ground crews had to perform "miracles of improvisation" to keep aircraft flying.Poolman 1980, p.160 and pp. 167-168

With 830 NAS, Fraser flew Albacore torpedo bombers, which could operate from land or an aircraft carrier, and were also used for reconnaissance, dive-bombing and laying naval mines. The Albacore was a biplane and obsolescent; although just a year earlier, in the eastern Mediterranean, Albacores from the aircraft carrier, had badly damaged the modern Italian battleship, Vittorio Veneto, at the Battle of Cape Matapan.Konstam 2023, p.58. Pilots compensated for the Albacore's shortcomings with their flying skills and courage.Poolman 1980, pp. 128-129.

On 22 November 1942, Fraser carried out a night attack on three Italian navy cruisers off the coast of Calabria. He released his torpedoes at a range of , that struck the light cruiser Luigi di Savoia Duca degli Abruzzi. Flying at an altitude of , Fraser later said he was more concerned about hitting the mast of one of the ships than by the anti-aircraft fire from the ships. Duca degli Abruzzi was badly damaged and saw no further action before Italy defected from the Axis in September 1943. It later saw service with the Allied Italian Co-belligerent Navy. Fraser flew at the limit of his aircraft's range and had to return immediately after the attack, so only discovered how successful he had been thanks to Allied intelligence reports.The Times, 19 June 2015.Daily Telegraph, 16 April 2015.

On 22 December 1942, west of Sicily, near the island of Marettimo, Fraser piloted one of four FAA torpedo-bombers that attacked a Italian cargo ship, the Etruria, which was escorted by three Axis destroyers, plus some gunboats. Kenneth Poolman wrote, "with the smell of some very close flak in his nostrils, Fraser dropped his torpedo. An explosion and a huge mushroom of black and white smoke rose from abaft the ship's funnel, and she was soon burning. The Etruria was later announced sunk by the BBC". A torpedo dropped by one of the other FAA aircraft struck a destroyer.Poolman 1980, p.181.

Fraser was awarded the DSC. The decoration was reported in the London Gazette on 29 June 1943, which said the award was "for bravery in successful air-attacks on enemy shipping in the Mediterranean".London Gazette, 29 June 1943.

Fraser's squadron began to mine Axis harbours, flying above the water on moonless nights, which Fraser described as "more nerve-racking and dangerous than attacking ships". In March 1943, Fraser completed his tour and had the option to return to Britain and become a training instructor but he volunteered to serve another tour.Daily Telegraph, 16 April 2015.

Prisoner of War On 30 March 1943, Fraser's aircraft was hit by flak over Palermo, Sicily, rupturing the fuel tank and he had to ditch in the sea. Fraser, and his crewman, Midshipman Michael Barbour, were adrift in a dinghy for days before they were rescued by a German patrol boat. Barbour, who was just 19 years old, died shortly after they were rescued.The Times, 19 June 2015.Daily Telegraph, 16 April 2015. Fraser spent the rest of the war as a prisoner of war. He was the held in Stalag Luft III, the camp where the Great Escape occurred in March 1944. During this escape attempt, Fraser served as a lookout.The Times, 19 June 2015. Fraser finished the war as a Lieutenant. His brother, Gordon, also served in the FAA but was lost over the North Sea in poor weather conditions in September 1942.Daily Telegraph, 16 April 2015.

Post-war Career After the war, Fraser joined the British Colonial Service and served in Malaya, Aden, the Bahamas and Singapore. He became Acting Permanent Secretary in Singapore in 1960, during the period the colony was moving towards independence, for which he was made an Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 1961 New Year Honours list.Daily Telegraph, 16 April 2015.

See also Battle of the Mediterranean Andrew Cunningham, 1st Viscount Cunningham of Hyndhope Gartrell Parker - flying ace and former-830 Squadron pilot List of Fleet Air Arm battle honours Royal Navy during the Second World War

References

Sources

"Ian Fraser, naval pilot - obituary." Daily Telegraph, 16 April 2015. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/11542578/Ian-Fraser-naval-pilot-obituary.html

London Gazette, Supplement, 29 June 1943. https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/36072/supplement/2946/data.pdf

"Ian Fraser. Pilot who torpedoed an Italian Cruiser in 1942." The Times, 19 June 2015. https://www.thetimes.com/travel/destinations/europe-travel/italy/ian-fraser-c69f7k6wqt8