The voting rights of prisoners in New Zealand have changed numerous times since the first election in New Zealand in 1853, with prisoners experiencing varying degrees of enfranchisement. The only time that all prisoners have been allowed to vote in elections in New Zealand was from 1975 to 1977. In 2010 the Electoral Act 1993 was amended to disqualify all prisoners from voting (regardless of the length of sentence imposed). In 2020 this law was amended so that only persons serving a sentence of imprisonment for a term of three years or more are disqualified from voting.Electoral Act 1993, s 80(1)(d) In 2025 this changed again with a ban on prisoners voting.
History to 2010 The New Zealand Constitution Act 1852 set out the requirements for enfranchisement. Prisoners were expressly excluded from registration for voting where they were serving a sentence for "any treason, felony, or infamous offence".New Zealand Constitution Act 1852, s 8 Prisoners who had completed their sentence were eligible to vote. In 1879, prisoners were further disenfranchised by the Qualification of Electors Act, which provided that prisoners who had completed their punishments were not able to register to vote again until 12 months had passed since the end of their sentence.Qualification of Electors Act 1879, s 2(4)
The Electoral Act 1905 changed the scope of enfranchisement, removing the 12 month post-imprisonment disqualification period, but widening the ambit of what kind of prisoner would be disqualified. Rather than focusing on the kind of crime, this Act looked at the length of sentence, with anyone sentenced to death or a year or more of imprisonment being ineligible to vote.Electoral Act 1905, s 29(1) The law changed again in 1956, removing the one year threshold, thus disenfranchising all who were prisoners at the time of an election.Electoral Act 1956, s 42(1)(b). The trend was very much towards increasing disenfranchisement of prisoners. This was reversed briefly with the Electoral Amendment Act 1975, passed under a Labour government, which amended the 1956 Act and completely removed the provision that took away the right of prisoners to vote.Electoral Amendment Act 1975, s 18(2) This change did not last long. In 1977, under a National government, the law reverted to the original 1956 position of complete disenfranchisement for anyone serving a custodial sentence at the time of an election.Electoral Amendment Act 1977, s 5
In 1993, New Zealand underwent an electoral system overhaul in which the rights of prisoners changed again. The Electoral Act 1993 re-enfranchised some prisoners, only excluding those sentenced to three years or more, including life sentences and preventive detention. This remained the position until 2010.
Law from 2010 to 2020
2010 legislation
The Electoral (Disqualification of Sentenced Prisoners) Amendment Bill was introduced into Parliament as a private member's bill by Paul Quinn of the National Party on 10 February 2010.New Zealand Parliament, Electoral (Disqualification of Sentenced Prisoners) Amendment Bill Information Page Wellington. Retrieved on 12 April 2015 The Bill's first reading occurred on 21 April 2010. It was then referred to the Law and Order Select Committee to review the legislation and make any changes necessary. The decision to send the Bill to the Law and Order Select Committee was criticised by opponents of the Bill, with members of the Labour Party walking out of the committee meeting on the first day.Clayton Cosgrove (20 October 2010) 667 NZPD 14689 This is because the Law and Order committee is primarily staffed with members from the Department of Corrections who traditionally deal with "matters relating to corrections, courts, criminal law, police, and serious fraud."New Zealand Parliament, Law and Order Select Committee Information Page Wellington. Retrieved on 23 April 2015 It was contended by opposition members that a more appropriate committee would have been the Justice and Electoral Committee. This committee is aided by staff from the Ministry of Justice and deals with "matters relating to Crown legal and drafting services, electoral matters, human rights, and justice."New Zealand Parliament, Justice and Electoral Select Committee Information page , Wellington. Retrieved on 23 April 2015 The select committee received a large number of submissions on the Bill, with the majority being opposed to the legislation's passage. There were two submissions made in support of the Bill, one of which was by the legislation's introducer, Paul Quinn. However, some of the submissions made were as part of assessment for an Otago University paper, and this could have skewed the results slightly.See Patrick Fitzgerald "Submission to the Law and Order Select Committee on the Electoral (Disqualification of Sentenced Prisoners) Amendment Bill 2010" at Despite the overwhelming number of submissions opposed, the Bill was returned to the House with little changed. The Bill had its second reading on 20 October 2010. Its final reading was on 8 December 2010 and it received royal assent on 15 December 2010. The legislation took effect from 16 December 2010.Electoral (Disqualification of Sentenced Prisoners) Amendment Act 2010 , s 2
Under the legislation, anyone detained in a prison on a sentence of imprisonment was unable to register as an elector. This was achieved by the deregistration of prisoners, meaning they would have to reregister to vote when released from prison. The legislation was not retrospective in effect, so any prisoners who were convicted to a less than three-year sentence before the enactment of the new law, would still be allowed to vote.Electoral (Disqualification of Sentenced Prisoners) Amendment Act 2010, s 6 In its original form, the legislation did not include a saving provision of this nature, so it would have had the effect of disenfranchising everyone convicted after the commencement of the Act, but also of re-enfranchising everyone convicted before the Act. This drafting oversight was amended by way of supplementary order paper, as it would have completely undermined the point of the legislation if enacted in that form.
Paul Quinn based his justification for the legislation loosely on social contract theory. This is the idea that prisoners have breached the contract with the state, and therefore some of their rights can be validly restricted. This was the view advanced by many supporting members in their speeches but perhaps put most clearly by Jonathan Young during the bill's Third reading. "The social contract that undergirds every stable society must balance human rights with human responsibilities, or said essentially, in order to participate in the process of selecting our lawmakers who shape our society, one ought not to be a serious lawbreaker."Jonathon Young (20 Oct 2010) 667 NZPD 14689 Removing the right to vote is essentially another form of punishment for criminals. In reality, there was little substantive argument made in favour of the legislation as it passed through Parliament, something which did not go unnoticed by commentators.
Criticisms of the law
Under section 7 of the New Zealand Bill of Rights Act 1990 (NZBORA) if there is an apparent inconsistency between legislation being introduced and the NZBORA, the Attorney-General must bring this to the attention of the House as soon as possible.New Zealand Bill of Rights Act 1990, s 7 There was a section 7 report filed in respect of this legislation by Christopher Finlayson.Christopher Finlayson (17 March 2010). Report of the Attorney-General Under the New Zealand Bill of Rights Act 1990 on the Electoral (Disqualification of Convicted Prisoners) Amendment Bill There was, in the opinion of the Attorney-General, an inconsistency between the Bill and section 12 of NZBORA, which affirms the voting rights of New Zealand citizens.Finlayson, 2010 p. 2 Under section 5 of NZBORA, rights are not absolute, but can be limited so long as those limits are "demonstrably justified in a free and democratic society."New Zealand Bill of Rights Act 1990, s 5 There are two questions that the Attorney-General and the courts will look at in determining whether the limit comes under section 5. Firstly, whether the "provision serves an important and significant objective"Finlayson, 2010 p. 3 and secondly whether there is a "rational and proportionate connection between the provision and the objective." The Attorney-General considered that although the objective of the Bill (to prevent serious offenders from voting) may have been in fact important, there was no rational connection between the limit and that objective. A blanket ban effects not only serious offenders, but all offenders regardless of the nature of their offending, so the limit is more related to the time of the offending in relation to an election. This is not a rational or proportional limitation. Academic Andrew Geddis notes that in the debates surrounding the Bill, this report was scarcely mentioned by supporters of the legislation, and there was no justification of the rights limitations made substantively by supporters either.Geddis, 2011 p. 444
The uneven application of the Bill was a concern for the Attorney-General and also opposition members. An example that came up frequently in debates was the disparity between a sentence of home detention and of imprisonment and the effect that would have on offenders.Lianne Dalziel (21 April 2010) 662 NZPD 10341 It is possible to have offenders who have committed the same offence in similar circumstances have a disparity between their sentences as one may be eligible for home detention, whereas the other is not because of a difference in personal circumstances. An offender given a sentence of home detention will not be caught by this legislation and as such will not be removed from the electoral roll. The opposition also noted the position was not changing for prisoners housed in a hospital instead of a prison.Charles Chauvel (21 April 2010) 662 NZPD 10343 Under previous legislation, they were both treated the same, but the new legislation disenfranchises offenders housed in prisons, but those housed in secure hospitals are still allowed to vote if their sentence is less than three years.Electoral Act 1993, s 80(1)(c)
Another issue that was mentioned by opponents to the legislation and in the submission of the Electoral Enrolment Centre was the fact that prisoners are removed from the electoral roll completely.Electoral Enrolment Centre "Submission to the Law and Order Select Committee on the Electoral (Disqualification of Sentenced Prisoners) Amendment Bill 2010" at 2.2 The concerns revolved around the fact that it is already difficult to get people who are marginalised onto the electoral roll, so their removal could mean that many people simply wouldn't bother to re-enrol after their release, which would mean their disenfranchisement could possibly extend much further than just the length of their sentence.Chris Hipkins (21 April 2010) 662 NZPD 10348 The EEC suggested that the Bill be amended to include a requirement for Prison Superintendents to send the EEC a completed enrolment form when offenders are released.EEC, at 2.2 This was considered by the Select Committee but not adopted into the law, preferring to let the departments organise this as between themselves.Electoral (Disqualification of Convicted Prisoners) Amendment Bill (117–1) (Select Committee Report) at 3
Legal challenges to the law