Southern Thailand (formerly Southern Siam and Tambralinga) is the southernmost cultural region of Thailand, separated from Central Thailand by the Kra Isthmus.
Geography
Southern Thailand is on the Malay Peninsula, with an area of around , bounded to the north by Kra Isthmus, the narrowest part of the peninsula. The western part has highly steep coasts, while on the east side river plains dominate. The largest river in the south is the Tapi, in Surat Thani, which, together with the Phum Duang in Surat Thani, drains more than , more than 10 percent of the total area of southern Thailand. Smaller rivers include the Pattani, Saiburi, Krabi, and the Trang. The largest lake in the south is Songkhla Lake ( altogether). The largest artificial lake is the Chiao Lan (Ratchaprapha Dam), occupying of Khao Sok National Park in Surat Thani. The total forest area is or 24.3 percent of provincial area.
Running through the middle of the peninsula are several mountain chains, with the highest elevation at Khao Luang, , in Nakhon Si Thammarat province. Ranging from the Kra Isthmus to Phuket Island is the Phuket chain, which connects to the Tanao Si Mountain Range further north. Almost parallel to the Phuket chain but to the east is the Nakhon Si Thammarat, or Banthat, chain, which begins with Samui Island, Ko Pha-ngan, and Ko Tao in Surat Thani Province and ends at the Malaysian border at the Ko Ta Ru Tao archipelago. The border with Malaysia is formed by the Sankalakhiri range, sometimes sub-divided into the Pattani, Taluban, and Songkhla chain. At the Malaysian border, the Titiwangsa chain rises.
The limestone of the west coast has been eroded into many steep singular hills. The parts submerged by the rising sea after the Last Ice Age now form many islands, like the well-known Phi Phi Islands. Also well known is the so-called James Bond Island in Phang Nga Bay, featured in the movie The Man with the Golden Gun.
The population of the growing region is projected to be 9,156,000 in 2015, up from 8,871,003 in 2010 (census count and adjusted). Although those figures are adjusted for citizens who have left for Bangkok or who moved to the region from elsewhere, as well as registered permanent residents (residency was problematic in the prior 2000 census), the figure is still misleading. There are still a huge number of migrant or informal workers, temporary workers and even stateless people and a large expatriate population, which are not included.
Most of southern Thailand is in Tenasserim–South Thailand semi-evergreen rain forests ecoregion. The Peninsular Malaysian rain forests and Peninsular Malaysian montane rain forests ecoregions extend into southernmost Thailand along the border with Malaysia.
History
The Malay Peninsula has been settled since prehistoric times. Archeological remains were found in several caves, some used for dwellings, others as burial sites. The oldest remains were found in Lang Rongrien Cave, dating 38,000 to 27,000 years before present, and in the contemporary Moh Khiew cave.
In the first millennium, Chinese chronicles mention several coastal cities or city-states. No exact geographical locations were recorded and so the identification of these cities with later settlements is difficult. The most important of those states were Langkasuka, usually considered a precursor of the Patani Kingdom; Tambralinga, probably the precursor of the Nakhon Si Thammarat Kingdom, or P'an-p'an in Phunphin district, Surat Thani, probably located at the Bandon Bay Tapi River. The cities were highly influenced by Indian culture, and have adopted Brahman or Buddhist religion. When Srivijaya in Chaiya extended its sphere of influence, those cities became tributary states of Srivijaya. The city Chaiya in Surat Thani Province contains several ruins from Srivijaya times, and was probably a regional capital of the kingdom. Some Thai historians even claim that it was the capital of the kingdom itself for some time, but this is disputed.
After Srivijaya lost its influence, Nakhon Si Thammarat became the dominant kingdom of the area. During the rule of King Ramkhamhaeng the Great of Sukhothai, Thai influence first reached Nakhon Si Thammarat. According to the Ramkhamhaeng inscription, Nakhon Si Thammarat was a tributary state of Sukhothai. During most of later periods, Nakhon became a tributary of Ayutthaya.
The deep south belonged to the Malay sultanates of Pattani and Kedah, while the northernmost part of the peninsula was under the control of Bangkok.
During the Thesaphiban reforms at the end of the 19th century, both Nakhon Si Thammarat and Pattani were incorporated into the central state. The area was subdivided into 5 monthon, which were installed to control the city states (mueang). Minor mueang were merged into larger ones, thus forming the present 14 provinces. With the Anglo-Siamese Treaty of 1909 the boundary to Malaysia was fixed. Kedah came under British control, while Pattani stayed with Siam.
Languages
The main language is Southern Thai ( ), also known as Pak Thai or Dambro ( ), which is a southwestern Tai language spoken in the 14 changwat of southern Thailand as well as by small Thai communities in the northernmost Malaysian states. It is spoken natively by roughly five million people and as a second language by the 1.5 million native speakers of Patani Malay, along with other ethnic groups such as the local Negritos communities, and other tribal groups.
Although Central Thai is the sole official language in Thailand and most people in Southern Thailand are proficient in Central Thai at the level of native speakers, the language is only the third largest vernacular language in southern Thailand, with roughly four hundred thousand native speakers. In particular, it is native only among some Thai Chinese (Teochew, Hoklo, Hakka and Cantonese, but not the Peranakans nor the Hainan group in Southern Thailand, who speak Southern Thai). Particularly in their major ethnic enclaves like Hat Yai and Bandon districts the ethnic Chinese native speakers of Central Thai speak with very decidedly Krungthep accents (the prestige accent in Bangkok which is spoken by ethnic Chinese people there as well), even when they attempt to speak Southern Thai as passive bilingual speakers.
Administrative divisions
The Office of the National Economic and Social Development Council (NESDC) identities Southern Thailand as 14 provinces. The Thai Meteorological Department (TMD) includes for Southern Thailand (east coast) also the two provinces of Prachuap Khiri Khan and Phetchaburi.
NameThaiAreaPop.Dens.AnnualincomePovertyRatioCoastalregion1ชุมพร6,009.0510,96385351,6725.4%East2นครศรีธรรมราช9,942.51,560,433157301,4888.1%East3นราธิวาส4,475.0802,474179238,68037.3%East4ปัตตานี1,940.4718,077370210,15636.0%East5พัทลุง3,424.5525,044153257,73614.0%East6สงขลา7,393.91,432,628194331,9208.2%East7สุราษฎร์ธานี12,891.51,063,50183437,5921.4%East8ยะลา4,521.1532,326118187,00821.2%East9กระบี่4,709.0473,738101372,1326.4%West10พังงา4,170.0268,24064346,1045.1%West11ภูเก็ต543.0410,211755378,0000.5%West12ระนอง3,298.0191,86858264,42016.6%West13สตูล2,479.0321,574130278,4965.8%West14ตรัง4,917.5643,116131279,70815.9%West Average household annual income in 2015 (Thai baht).Poverty Ratio in 2016.
Demography Southern Thailand has 9.454 million inhabitants and its population density is .
Ten major cities No. Name Pop. Metropolitan1Hat Yai159,627397,379 in Hat Yai District.2Surat Thani130,114177,242 in Mueang Surat Thani District.3Nakhon Si Thammarat104,948271,330 in Mueang Nakhon Si Thammarat District.4Phuket78,923238,866 in Mueang Phuket District.5Ko Samui65,84782,900 in Ko Samui–Ko Pha Ngan.6Songkhla64,602163,083 in Mueang Songkhla District.7Yala61,293167,582 in Mueang Yala District.8Trang59,999156,115 in Mueang Trang District.9Pattani44,900130,178 in Mueang Pattani District.10Narathiwat41,572124,049 in Mueang Narathiwat District.
Religion
Thailand is a Buddhist-majority country. About 93.46% in Thailand follow Buddhism. Buddhism is the majority religion in southern Thailand as well but makes up 75.45% of the region's people. The Thai follow Theravada Buddhism. Minority ethnic groups such as Khmer also follow Buddhism, and 10 of the 14 provinces in southern Thailand have Buddhist majorities.
Islam constitutes 24.33% of Southern Thailand even though it constitutes only 5.36% of the whole country. Islam is mostly followed by the Malay people in Southernmost Thailand: Yala, Pattani, Naratiwat and Satun provinces, near Malaysia. There is also a small Thai Muslim population.
Christianity makes up 0.21% of Southern Thailand's population. Sikhism makes up 0.05% in the region and is practiced by Indian immigrants.
Economy The bulk of the region's population relies on agriculture for 27 percent of its gross regional product in 2014. It is followed by industry (12 percent), trade (10 percent), transportation (9 percent), tourism (8 percent), and construction and property (7 percent).
For FY 2018, Southern Thailand Region had a combined economic output of 1,402 trillion baht (US$45.2 billion), or 8.6 percent of Thailand's GDP. Surat Thani province had an economic output of 206.869 billion baht (US$6.67 billion), which is equal to a GPP per capita of 182,371 baht (US$5,883), more than double for Yala province, which is fifth and more than three times for Narathiwat province, lowest in the ranking. + RankProvinceGPP(million baht)Population(x 1000)GPP per capita (baht)1 Surat Thani 206,869 1,134 182,3712 Chumphon 87,746 498 176,2003 Songkhla 248,386 1,635 151,9184 Nakhon Si Thammarat 164,375 1,507 109,0505 Yala 43,006 468 91,8156 Pattani 48,549 641 75,6977 Phatthalung 36,006 492 73,2138 Narathiwat 44,778 721 62,066 East coast 879,715 7,096 123,973
+ RankProvinceGPP(million baht)Population(x 1000)GPP per capita (baht)1 Phuket 234,028 580 403,5342 Phang-nga 78,493 250 313,9193 Krabi 86,684 418 207,4154 Satun 31,215 290 107,5055 Ranong 28,014 269 103,9666 Trang 64,586 630 102,589 West coast 523,020 2,437 214,616
Transportation Southern Thailand is connected with Bangkok by railway and highway. Several regional airports are located at the larger towns. The transportation hub of all of southern Thailand is Hat Yai.
Road Phetkasem Road, the longest road in Thailand, runs from Bangkok along the Kra Isthmus and then along the west coast of the peninsula. From Trang, it crosses over to the east coast to Hat Yai, and ends at the Malaysian border.
Two Asian highways run through southern Thailand: Asian Highway 2 runs mostly parallel to the railroad all the way from Bangkok. It crosses to Malaysia at Sadao, and continues on the west side of the peninsula. Asian Highway 18 begins in Hat Yai and runs south along the east coast, crossing to Malaysia at Sungai Kolok.
Rail The southern railway connects Bangkok to Hat Yai and continues from there to Sungai Kolok. There are branches from Ban Thung Phoe Junction to Kirirat Nikhom. Two smaller branches of the railway run from Thung Song to Trang and Nakhon Si Thammarat and from Hat Yai Junction to Malaysia and Singapore.
Air Southern Thailand has five international airports and six domestic airports. Thailand's transport ministry is constructing the 1.9 billion baht Betong Airport. It is scheduled for completion in 2020.
Chumphon Airport Hat Yai International Airport Krabi International Airport Nakhon Si Thammarat Airport Narathiwat Airport Pattani Airport Phuket International Airport Ranong Airport Ko Samui International Airport Surat Thani International Airport Trang Airport
See also South Thailand insurgency Yawi language OK Betong — Thai film set in Southern Thailand.
References
Further reading Suthiwong Pongpaiboon. Southern Thai Cultural Structures and Dynamics Vis-à-vis Development. .
External links