Permesta was a rebel movement in Indonesia. It was founded on 2 March 1957 by civil and military leaders in Eastern Indonesia. Initially the center of the movement was in Makassar, which at that time was the capital of the province of Sulawesi. However, support for the movement in South Sulawesi gradually dissipated, forcing the headquarters to move to Manado in North Sulawesi.

On 17 February 1958, Permesta joined forces with the Revolutionary Government of the Republic of Indonesia (PRRI or Pemerintah Revolusioner Republik Indonesia) based in Sumatra that declared a revolutionary government two days earlier. Following successful attacks by government forces (TNI) from the Indonesian central government on the PRRI in Sumatra, the conflict swung to the east where the Permesta rebels were based. Manado was captured at the end of June 1958. However, the Permesta rebels continued their resistance, fighting a guerrilla campaign against the TNI until the last remnants surrendered and were given amnesty in 1961. The conflict killed 4,000 government soldiers and 2,000 Permesta rebels.Dixon (2015), p. 514.

The name "Permesta" is a syllabic abbreviation of the Indonesian Perjuangan Semesta meaning Universal Struggle Charter.

History

Military structure Armed forces:(Organizational Structure of the Permesta Troops)

Battle Area Command (KDP) I / North Maluku: Major Jonkhy Robert Kumontoy Battle Area Command (KDP) II / Minahasa (KDPM): Daniel Julius Somba Manado City Military Command (KMKB) Tomohon Garrison Regional Command (KDG) Battle Area Command (KDP) III / Bolmong-Gorontalo: Dolf Runturambi Kotamobagu City Military Command (KMK) Battle Area Command (KDP) IV / Central Sulawesi (Palu, Donggala, Toli-toli, Poso): Jan Wellem (Dee) Gerungan Autonomus units: Brigade 999/CTN: Jan Timbuleng Manguni Brigade: Lieutenant Colonel Laurens F. SAERANG Sambernjawa Brigade : Major Daan KARAMOY Anoa Brigade Djantan: Major J. LUMINGKEWAS Sinobatu Brigade: Major W. SIREGAR Student Army Corps (CTP): Captain Jimmy Noya Air forces: Revolutionary Air Force/ KSAU (AUREV): Commodore Muda Petit Muharto

Air force

Greater CIA support was seen with the dispatch aircraft that made up the Permesta air force called the Revolutionary Air Force (AUREV or Angkatan Udara Revolusioner) based in Manado, an air force formed by Permesta in order to seize and control Indonesian airspace. The aircraft sent were 15 B-26 Invader bombers and some P-51 Mustang fighters.Hellstrom (July–August 1999), pp. 24–38. In addition to the aircraft, the CIA sent pilots, mechanics, aircraft weaponry, and spare parts.Kennedy (1996), p. 74.

AircraftFar-East Database Clandestine US Operations: Indonesia 1958, Operation "Haik"OriginTypeIn serviceNotes Combat aircraftB-26United StatesB6B-26United StatesC2F-51 MustangUnited StatesD6

Generals Alexander Evert Kawilarang – surrendered on 14 April 1961. Ventje Sumual – was a military officer involved in the Indonesian National Revolution he also involved in General Offensive of 1 March 1949. Surrender on 20 October 1961.Harvey (1977), p. 149. Joop Warouw – was an Indonesian military officer and rebel leader, he was considered one of the leaders of the movement along with Sumual and Alex Kawilarang. In April 1960, Warouw was captured and imprisoned by a fractious unit of the movement headed by Jan Timbuleng. He was killed on October 15, 1960, after being held for six months. His remains were only discovered in 1992 near Tombatu, which were moved and interred in his hometown of Remboken. – Permesta commander in Central Sulawesi, joined the Kahar Muzakkar's during the South Sulawesi insurgency. He was arrested on 19 July 1965, tried by a summary court and executed. Jan Timbuleng – former leader of the Justice Defense Force, at the end of March 1958 PPK joined Permesta, where be became commander of the Battalion 999. Permesta general Warouw, who usually mediated between Kawilarang and Sumual, was captured by troops led by Jan Timbuleng in April 1960. After it was discovered that Warouw was held hostage by Timbuleng, Timbuleng himself was detained and executed by Sumual. – killed by Indonesian airstrike on 10 March 1958.

Jonkhy Robert Kumontoy – leader of Permesta in North Moluccas, became the last Permesta commander to surrender in early 1962 after the news of the end of the war reached him in the jungle.Permesta-PRRI mengawal negara Proklamasi 45 berdasar Pancasila

State symbols

From March to August 1959 Permesta issued a number of stamps, measuring 42½ x 28½ mm they depicted a map of Indonesia. They were used in Kotamobagu and Inobonto posts.PERMESTA Permesta also printed two series of banknotes in 1958 and 1959.Uang Kertas PERMESTA, 27 July 2023

References

Bibliography