The taxonomy of the vertebrates presented by John Zachary Young in The Life of Vertebrates (1962)Young, J. Z. (1962). The Life of Vertebrates. 2nd. ed. New York, Oxford University Press. Disponible at BHL. is a system of classification with emphasis on this group of animals.

Phylum Chordata

Phylum Chordata [p. 24] Subphylum 1. Hemichordata (e.g., Balanoglossus, Cephalodiscus, Rhabdopleura) Subphylum 2. Cephalochordata (= Acrania) (e.g., Branchiostoma) Subphylum 3. Tunicata (e.g., Ciona) Subphylum 4. Vertebrata (= Craniata) Superclass 1. Agnatha Class 1. Cyclostomata Class 2. †Cephalaspidomorphi (e.g., †Cephalaspis) Class 3. †Pteraspidomorphi (e.g., †Pteraspis) Class 4. †Anaspida (e.g., †Birkenia, †Jamoytius) Superclass 2. Gnathostomata Class 1. †Placodermi (e.g., †Acanthodes) Class 2. Elasmobranchii Class 3. Actinopterygii Class 4. Crossopterygii Class 5. Amphibia Class 6. Reptilia Class 7. Aves Class 8. Mammalia

Subphylum Vertebrata (= Craniata)

Superclass Agnatha

Subphylum Vertebrata (= Craniata) Superclass 1. Agnatha [p. 81] Class 1. Cyclostomata Order 1. Petromyzontia (e.g., Petromyzon, Lampetra, Entosphenus, Geotria, Mordacia) Order 2. Myxinoidea (e.g., Myxine, Bdellostoma) Class 2. †Osteostraci (e.g., †Cephalaspis, †Tremataspis) Class 3. †Anaspida (e.g., †Birkenia, †Jamoytius) Class 4. †Heterostraci (e.g., †Astraspis, †Pteraspis, †Drepanaspis) Class 5. †Coelolepida (e.g., †Thelodus, †Lanarkia)

Superclass Gnathostomata

Class Elasmobranchii

Superclass 2. Gnathostomata Class Elasmobranchii (= Chondrichthyes) [p. 175] Subclass 1. Selachii Order 1. †Cladoselachii (e.g., †Cladoselache, †Goodrichia) Order 2. †Pleuracanthodii (e.g., †Pleuracanthus) Order 3. Protoselachii (e.g., †Hybodiis, Heterodontus) Order 4. Euselachii Suborder 1. Pleurotremata Division 1. Notidanoidea (e.g., Hexanchus, Chlamydoselache) Division 2. Galeoidea (e.g., Scyliorhinus, Mustelus, Cetorhinus, Carcharodon) Division 3. Squaloidea (e.g., Squalus, Squatina, Pristiophorus, Alopias) Suborder 2. Hypotremata (e.g., Raja, Rhinobatis, Pristis, Torpedo, Trygon) Subclass 2. Bradyodonti Order 1. †Eubradyodonti (e.g., †Helodus) Order 2. Holocephali (e.g., Chimaera)

Class Actinopterygii

Class Actinopterygii [p. 228] Superorder 1. Chondrostei Order 1. Palaeoniscoidei (e.g., †Cheirolepis, †Palaeoniscus, †Amphicentrum, †Platysomus, †Dorypterus, †Cleithrolepis, †Tarrasius, Polypterus [bichir]) Order 2. Acipenseroidei (e.g., †Chondrosteus, Acipenser [sturgeon], Polyodon [paddle-fish]) Order 3. Subholostei (e.g., †Ptycholepis) Superorder 2. Holostei (e.g., †Acentrophorus, †Lepidotes, †Dapedius, †Microdon, Amia [bowfin], Lepisosteus [gar-pike]) Superorder 3. Teleostei Order 1. Isospondyli (e.g., †Leptolepis, †Portheus, Clupea [herring], Salmo [trout]) Order 2. Ostariophysi (e.g., Cyprinus [carp], Tinea [tench], Silurus [catfish]) Order 3. Apodes (e.g., Anguilla [eel], Conger [conger eel]) Order 4. Mesichthyes (e.g., Esox [pike], Belone, Exocoetus [flying fish], Gasterosteus [stickle-back], Syngnathus [pipe-fish], Hippocampus [seahorse]) Order 5. Acanthopterygii (e.g., †Hoplopteryx, Zens [John Dory], Perca [perch], Labrus [wrasse], Uranoscopus [star gazer], Blennius [blenny], Gadus [whiting], Pleuronectes [plaice], Solea [sole], Lophius [angler-fish])

Class Crossopterygii

Class Crossopterygii [p. 268] Order 1. Rhipidistia Suborder 1. †Osteolepidoti (e.g., †Osteolepis, †Sauripterus, †Diplopterax, †Eusthenopteron) Suborder 2. Coelacanthini (= Actinistia) (e.g., †Coelacanthus, †Undina, Latimeria) Order 2. Dipnoi (e.g., †Dipterus, †Ceratodus, Neoceratodus, Protopterus, Lepidosiren)

Class Amphibia

Class Amphibia [p. 296] Subclass 1. †Stegocephalia Order 1. †Labyrinthodontia Suborder 1. †Ichthyostegalia (e.g., †Ichthyostega, †Elpistostege) Suborder 2. †Embolomeri (e.g., †Eogyrinus, †Loxomma) Suborder 3. †Rhachitomi (e.g., †Eryops, †Cacops) Suborder 4. †Stereospondyli (e.g., †Capitosaurus, †Buettneria) Order 2. †Phyllospondyli (e.g., †Branchiosaurus) Order 3. †Lepospondyli (e.g., †Dolichosoma, †Diplocaulus, †Microbrachis) Order 4. †Adelospondyli (e.g., †Lysorophus) Subclass 2. Urodela (= Caudata) (e.g., Molge, Salamandra, Ambystoma, Necturus) Subclass 3. Anura (= Salientia) (e.g., †Miobatrachus, †Protobatrachiis, Rana, Bufo, Hyla, Pipa) Subclass 4. Apoda (= Gymnophiona = Caecilia) (e.g., Ichthyophis, Typhlonectes)

Class Reptilia

Class Reptilia [p. 369] Subclass 1. Anapsida Order 1. †Cotylosauria (e.g., †Seymouria, †Captorhinus, †Diadectes) Order 2. Chelonia (e.g., †Eunotosaurus, †Triassochelys, Chelys, Emys, Chelone, Testudo) Subclass 2. †Synaptosauria Order 1. †Protorosauria (e.g., †Araeoscelis, †Tanystropheus) Order 2. †Sauropterygia (e.g., †Lariosaurus, †Pliosaurus, †Plesiosaurus, †Placodus) Subclass 3. †Ichthyopterygia Order 1. †Ichthyosauria (e.g., †Mixosaurus, †Ichthyosaurus) Subclass 4. Lepidosauria Order 1. †Eosuchia (e.g., †Youngina, †Prolacerta) Order 2. Rhynchocephalia (e.g., †Homoesaurus, †Rhynchosaurus, Sphenodon [= Hatteria]) Order 3. Squamata Suborder 1. Lacertilia (= Sauria) Infraorder 1. Gekkota (e.g., Gecko) Infraorder 2. Iguania (e.g., Iguana, Anolis, Phrynosoma, Draco, Lyriocephalus, Agama, Chamaeleo) Infraorder 3. Scincomorpha (e.g., Lacerta, Scincus, Amphisbaena) Infraorder 4. Anguimorpha (e.g., †Dolichosaurus, †Aigialosaurus, †Tylosaurus, Varanus, Lanthanotus, Anguis) Suborder 2. Ophidia (= Serpentes) (e.g., †Palaeophis, Python, Natrix, Naja, Vipera) Subclass 5. Archosauria Order 1. †Pseudosuchia (= †Thecodontia) (e.g., †Euparkeria, †Saltoposuchus) Order 2. †Phytosauria (e.g., †Phytosaurus, †Mystriosuchus) Order 3. Crocodilia (e.g., †Protosuchus, Crocodilus, Alligator, Caiman, Gavialis) Order 4. †Saurischia Suborder 1. †Theropoda (e.g., †Compsognathus, †Ornitholestes, †Allosaurus, †Tyrannosaurus, †Struthiomimus) Suborder 2. †Sauropoda (e.g., †Apatosaurus [= †Brontosaurus], †Diplodocus, †Yaleosaurus, †Plateosaurus, Brachiosaurus) Order 5. †Ornithischia Suborder 1. †Ornithopoda (e.g., †Camptosaurus, †Iguanodon, †Hadrosaurus) Suborder 2. †Stegosauria (e.g., †Stegosaurus) Suborder 3. †Ankylosauria (e.g., †Ankylosaurus, †Nodosaurus) Suborder 4. †Ceratopsia (e.g., †Triceratops) Order 6. †Pterosauria (e.g., †Rhamphorhynchus, †Pteranodon) Subclass 6. †Synapsida [pp. 370, 533] Order 1. †Pelycosauria (= †Theromorpha) (e.g., †Varanosaurus, †Edaphosaurus, †Dimetrodon) Order 2. †Therapsida Suborder 1. †Dicynodontia (e.g., †Galepus, †Moschops, †Dicynodon, †Kannemeyeria) Suborder 2. †Theriodontia (e.g., †Cynognathus, †Scymnognathus, †Bauria, †Dromatherium, †Tritylodon, †Oligokyphus) Order 3. †Mesosauria (= †Proganosauria) (e.g., †Mesosaurus)

Class Aves

Class Aves [p. 509] Subclass 1. †Archaeornithes (e.g., †Archaeopteryx) Subclass 2. Neornithes Superorder 1. †Odontognathae (e.g., †Hesperornis, †Ichthyornis) Superorder 2. Palaeognathae [ratites] (e.g., Struthio, Rhea, Dromiceius, Casuarius, †Dinornis, †Aepyornis, Apteryx, Tinamus) Superorder 3. Impennae [penguins] (e.g., Spheniscus, Aptenodytes) Superorder 4. Neognathae Order 1. Gaviiformes [loons] (e.g., Gavia [loon]) Order 2. Colymbiformes [grebes] (e.g., Colymbus [= Podiceps] [grebe]) Order 3. Procellariiformes [petrels] (e.g., Fulmarus [petrel], Puffinus [shearwater], Diomedea [albatross]) Order 4. Pelecaniformes (e.g., Phalacrocorax [cormorant], Pelecanus [pelican], Sida [gannet]) Order 5. Ciconiiformes (e.g., Ciconia [stork], Ardea [heron], Phoenicopterus [flamingo]) Order 6. Anseriformes [ducks] (e.g., Anas [duck], Cygnus [swan]) Order 7. Falconiformes [hawks] (e.g., Falco [kestrel], Aquila [eagle], Buteo [buzzard], Neophron [vulture], Milvus [kite]) Order 8. Galliformes [game birds] (e.g., Gallus [fowl], Phasianus [pheasant], Perdix [partridge], Lagopus [grouse], Meleagris [turkey], Numida [guinea fowl], Pavo [peacock], Opisthocomus [hoatzin]) Order 9. Gruiformes [rails] (e.g., Fulica [coot], Gallinula [moorhen], Crex [corn-crake], Grus [crane], †Phororhacos, †Diatryma) Order 10. Charadriiformes [waders and gulls] (e.g., Numenius [curlew], Capella [snipe], Calidris [sandpiper], Vanellus [lapwing], Scolopax [woodcock], Larus [gull], Uria [guillemot], Plautus [little auk]) Order 11. Columbiformes [pigeons] (e.g., Columba [pigeon], †Raphus [dodo]) Order 12. Cuculiformes [cuckoos] (e.g., Cuculus [cuckoo]) Order 13. Psittaciformes [parrots] Order 14. Strigiformes [owls] (e.g., Athene [little owl], Tyto [farm owl], Strix [tawny owl]) Order 15. Caprimulgiformes [nightjars] (e.g., Caprimulgus [nightjar]) Order 16. Micropodiformes (e.g., Apus [swift], Trochilus [humming-bird]) Order 17. Coraciiformes (e.g., Merops [bee-eater], Alcedo [kingfisher]) Order 18. Piciformes [woodpeckers] (e.g., Picus [woodpecker]) Order 19. Passeriformes [perching birds] (e.g., Corvus [rook], Sturnus [starling], Fringilla [finch], Passer [house-sparrow], Alauda [lark], Anthus [pipit], Motacilla [wagtail], Certhia [tree-creeper], Parus [tit], Lanius [shrike], Sylvia [warbler], Turdus [thrush], Erithacus [British robin], Luscinia [nightingale], Prunella [hedge-sparrow], Troglodytes [wren], Hirundo [swallow])

Class Mammalia

Class Mammalia [p. 533] Subclass 1. Eotheria Order †Docodonta (e.g., †Morganucodon, †Docodon) Order incertae sedis †Diarthrognathus Subclass 2. Prototheria Order Monotremata (e.g., Tachyglossus [= Echidna] [spiny anteater], Zaglossus [= Proechidna], Ornithorhynchus [platypus]) Subclass 3. †Allotheria Order †Multituberculata (e.g., †Plagiaulax, †Ptilodus) Subclass 4. Theria Infraclass 1. †Pantotheria Order 1. †Eupantotheria (e.g., †Amphitherium) Order 2. †Symmetrodonta (e.g., †Spalacotherium) Infraclass 2. Metatheria Order Marsupialia Infraclass 3. Eutheria (= Placentalia) Order incertae sedis †Triconodonta (e.g., †Amphilestes, †Triconodon)

Infraclass Metatheria

Infraclass 2. Metatheria [p. 563] Order Marsupialia Superfamily 1. Didelphoidea (e.g., †Eodelphis, Didelphis [opossum], Chironectes [water opossum]) Superfamily 2. †Borhyaenoidea (e.g., †Thylacosmilus, †Borhyaena) Superfamily 3. Dasyuroidea (e.g., Dasyurus [native cat], Sarcophilus [Tasmanian devil], Thylacinus [Tasmanian wolf], Myrmecobius [banded ant-eater], Notoryctes [marsupial mole], Sminthopsis [pouched mouse]) Superfamily 4. Perameloidea (e.g., Perameles [bandicoot]) Superfamily 5. Caenolestoidea (e.g., †Palaeothentes [= †Epanorthus], Caenolestes [opossum-rat]) Superfamily 6. Phalangeroidea (e.g., Trichosurus [Australian opossum], Petaurus [flying opossum], Phascolarctos [koala bear], Vombatus [wombat], Macropus [kangaroo], Bettongia [rat kangaroo], †Diprotodon, †Thylacoleo)

Infraclass Eutheria

Infraclass 3. Eutheria [p. 577] Cohort 1. Unguiculata Order 1. Insectivora [p. 581] Order 2. Chiroptera [p. 585] Order 3. Dermoptera Order 4. †Taeniodonta Order 5. †Tillodontia Order 6. Edentata [p. 592] Order 7. Pholidota Order 8. Primates [p. 602] Cohort 2. Glires [p. 653] Order 1. Rodentia Order 2. Lagomorpha Cohort 3. Mutica [p. 666] Order Cetacea Cohort 4. Ferungulata Superorder 1. Ferae [p. 679] Order Carnivora Superorder 2. Protungulata [p. 699] Order 1. †Condylarthra Order 2. †Notoungulata Order 3. †Litopterna Order 4. †Astrapotheria Order 5. Tubulidentata Superorder 3. Paenungulata [p. 706] Order 1. Hyracoidea Order 2. Proboscidea Order 3. †Pantodonta Order 4. †Dinocerata Order 5. †Pyrotheria Order 6. †Embrithopoda Order 7. Sirenia Superorder 4. Mesaxonia [p. 723] Order Perissodactyla Superorder 5. Paraxonia [p. 745] Order Artiodactyla

Order Primates

Order 8. Primates [p. 602] Suborder 1. Prosimii Infraorder 1. Lemuriformes Family 1. †Plesiadapidae (e.g., †Plesiadapis) Family 2. †Adapidae (e.g., †Notharctus, †Adapis) Family 3. Lemuridae (e.g., †Megaladapis, Lemur [common lemur]) Family 4. Indridae (e.g., Indri [indris]) Family 5. Daubentoniidae (e.g., Daubentonia [= Cheiromys] [aye-aye]) Infraorder 2. Lorisiformes Family. Lorisidae (e.g., Loris [slender loris], Galago [bush baby], Perodicticus [potto])