Southern Pashto () is a standard variety of the Pashto language spoken in southeastern Afghanistan, and northern parts of the Pakistani province of Balochistan, comprising the Southwestern and Southeastern dialects of Pashto.
South Western Kandahārí Pashtó (), also known as Southwestern Pashto,Prods Oktor Skjærvø, P.O. 1989. Pashto. In "Compendium Linguarum Iranicarum", R. Schmitt (ed.), 384-410. is a Pashto dialect, spoken in southern and western Afghanistan, including the city of Kandahar.
Kandahari Pashto is spoken in Kandahar, Helmand, Ghazni, most of Urozgan, Farah, Faryab and Nimruz, southeastern Ghor, the districts of Murghab, Ghormach, Muqur, and Jawand in Badghis, and parts of Zabul, Paktika, and Herat provinces of Afghanistan. It is also spoken in parts of the provinces of Razavi Khorasan and South Khorasan in Iran, where they numbered roughly 120,000 (in 1993).
It is one of the most archaic varieties of Pashto: the Kandahari dialect retains archaic retroflex sibilants, and (in other dialects, they have shifted to ʃ/x and ʒ/g). Kandahari also has the affricates and .
Lexical Variation According to the "Pashto Dialectal Dictionary ()" published by the Academy of Sciences of Afghanistan the following is noted in Kandahar province: Standard معياري
myāríMeaning مانا
mānā́Ghorak [Tribe: Popalzai]Spin Boldak [Tribe: Achakzai]Maruf [Tribe: Alizai]Arghandab [Tribe: Alikozai]Panjwayi [Tribe: Sakzai]Kandahar [Tribe: Nurzai]آباد/ ودان ābā́d/wadā́npopulatedابات abā́tابات abā́tابات abā́tابات abā́tابات abā́tابات abā́tاپلتې apláteabsurdityچټيات čaṭyā́tچټيات čaṭyā́tاپلتې apláteګډې وډې gaḍé waḍéګډې وډې gaḍé waḍéګډې وډې gaḍé waḍéاتکړۍ atkaṛə́ihandcuffsزولنې zawlanéزولنې zawlanéزولنې zawlanéزولنې zolanéزولنې zolanéزولنې zolanéاخېړ axéṛplaster [clay mixed with straw]ګل gә́lګل gә́lګل gә́lکاګل kāgә́lکاګل kāgә́lکاګل kāgә́lmotherادې adéادې adéدادا dādā́مور morمور morمور morenmityدښمني doṣ̌maní تربورګلوي tarburgalwí تربورګلوي tarburgalwí دښمني doṣ̌maníدښمني doṣ̌maníدښمني doṣ̌maníارت artwideپېراخه perāxáغټ ğaṭپراخ prāxپيراخ pirā́xپيراخ pirā́xپيراخ pirā́xاوبدل obdә́lto weaveودل wadә́lودل wadә́lاودل odә́lودل wadálودل wadálودل wadálاوړۀ oṛә́flourاوړۀ oṛә́اوړۀ oṛә́اوړۀ oṛә́وړۀ waṛә́وړۀ waṛә́وړۀ waṛә́
South Eastern In the South Eastern dialect, and in South Western sometimes change to ʃ and ʒ. Whilst and are generally pronounced.Hallberg, Daniel G. 1992. Pashto, Waneci, Ormuri. Sociolinguistic Survey of Northern Pakistan, 4. DialectښږڅځژKandaharQuetta
In all 3rd-person pronouns 'h' is not articulated. And distinction in 'he' and 'she' pronouns is not noted.
Personal pronounKandaharQuettaMeaningزهzəzəIتهtə, less often təitə, less often təiyou (singular)هغهhağəağəheهغهhağeağəsheموږ/مونږmʊẓ̌mʊž/məžweتاسو/تاسېtāse/tāsītāse/tāsīyou (plural)هغویhağwi/hağūiağwi/ağūithey
Kākaṛi Kākaṛi is classed as Southeastern dialect. The following has been noted: KākaṛiLiterary PashtoGrammarMeaningبم bamبه مې bə mebə: future / past habitual marker me: Weak Oblique 1st PronounExample: ای د سترګو ديد بم سره کله کږي
āi də stə́rgo did bam sará kə́la káži
Oh when will my eyes' [do his] viewingامۍ amə́iګډا gaḍā́Direct Singular Feminine Noundanceراله rā́laراغله rā́ğlacome: Aorist Past 3rd Person Feminine Singular[She] cameسي siچې čethat: Particlethat
Sherani According to Josef Elfenbein, Sherani Pashto can be classed either as South Western or South Eastern. Word choice can be distinct: DialectMeaningNotesSouthernSheraniګانده مزدک له راسه gā́nda mazdə́k lə rāsáCome to the mosque tomorrowKandahari uses the Arabic borrowings:
سبا [from صباح] and
مسجد . Whereas Sherani uses
more pure Pashto: ګانده and
مزدکKandahariسبا مسجد له راسه sabā́ masjéd lə rāsáNorthern [Yusupzai]In comparison to the two Southern dialects,
ته is used instead of له
and the form of the verb to-be:
شول is used instead of سول
Marwat-Bettani In Marwat-Bettani the following is noted: DialectښږڅځژشMarwat, Compare the words StandardKandaharMarwatMarwatMeaningرېبځ/re.bəˈd͡z/رېبځbroomږمنځږمنځcombژامه/ʒɑˈ.ma/زامبهjawمټينګى/maʈinɡaˈi/مټونګىbastardپروړه/proˈ.ɽa/پروړېstrawدروزه/d̪ruˈ.za/دروزېhaulm
Comparison with Karlāṇi varieties Marwatwala agrees with other Karlāṇi varieties in the phonetic change in ښ as [ʃ].
Example: YusupzaiMarwatwālaMeaningښارښارcityxāršārښاديښوديhappinessxādíšodí
Rendition of ش It is noted by Yousuf Khan Jazab, in Marwatwala ش can be rendered as .
Example: KandahāriKarlāṇiMarwatwālaMeaningاوربشې //
orbә́šeاربشېاربسېbarley////arbә́šearbә́seسول //
swəlشولسللto become [past tense,verbaliser]////šwәlsləlشخړه //
šxáṛaسخړهquarrel, strife//sxә́ṛa
References