Qoph is the nineteenth letter of the Semitic abjads, including Phoenician qōp 𐤒, Hebrew qôp̄ , Aramaic qop 𐡒, Syriac qōp̄ ܩ, and Arabic qāf . It is also related to the Ancient North Arabian , South Arabian , and Geʽez .
Its original sound value was a West Semitic emphatic stop, presumably . In Maltese the q is a glottal stop sound e.g. qalb, qattus, baqq. In Hebrew numerals, it has the numerical value of 100.
Origins
The origin of the glyph shape of qōp () is uncertain. It is usually suggested to have originally depicted either a sewing needle, specifically the eye of a needle (Hebrew quf and Aramaic qopɑʔ both refer to the eye of a needle), or the back of a head and neck (qāf in Arabic meant "nape").Travers Wood, Henry Craven Ord Lanchester, A Hebrew Grammar, 1913, p. 7. A. B. Davidson, Hebrew Primer and Grammar, 2000, p. 4. The meaning is doubtful. "Eye of a needle" has been suggested, and also "knot" Harvard Studies in Classical Philology vol. 45. According to an older suggestion, it may also have been a picture of a monkey and its tail (the Hebrew means "monkey").Isaac Taylor, History of the Alphabet: Semitic Alphabets, Part 1, 2003, p. 174: "The old explanation, which has again been revived by Halévy, is that it denotes an 'ape,' the character Q being taken to represent an ape with its tail hanging down. It may also be referred to a Talmudic root which would signify an 'aperture' of some kind, as the 'eye of a needle,' ... Lenormant adopts the more usual explanation that the word means a 'knot'.
Besides Aramaic Qop, which gave rise to the letter in the Semitic abjads used in classical antiquity, Phoenician qōp is also the origin of the Latin letter Q and Greek Ϙ (qoppa) and possibly Φ (phi).Qop may have been assigned the sound value /kʷʰ/ in early Greek; as this was allophonic with /pʰ/ in certain contexts and certain dialects, the letter qoppa continued as the letter phi. C. Brixhe, "History of the Alpbabet", in Christidēs, Arapopoulou, & Chritē, eds., 2007, A History of Ancient Greek.
Arabic qāf The Arabic letter is named . It is written in several ways depending on its position in the word:
Traditionally in the scripts of the Maghreb it is written with a single dot, similarly to how the letter fā ف is written in Mashreqi scripts:
It is usually transliterated into Latin script as q, though some scholarly works use ḳ.e.g., The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
Pronunciation According to Sibawayh, author of the first book on Arabic grammar, the letter is pronounced voiced (maǧhūr),Kees Versteegh, The Arabic Language, pg. 131. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2001. Paperback edition. although some scholars argue, that Sibawayh's term maǧhūr implies lack of aspiration rather than voice. As noted above, Modern Standard Arabic has the voiceless uvular plosive as its standard pronunciation of the letter, but dialectal pronunciations vary as follows:
The three main pronunciations:
: in most of Tunisia, Algeria and Morocco, Southern and Western Yemen and parts of Oman, Northern Iraq, parts of the Levant (especially the Alawite and Druze dialects). In fact, it is so characteristic of the Alawites and the Druze that Levantines invented a verb "yqaqi" /jqæqi/ that means "speaking with a /q/". However, most other dialects of Arabic will use this pronunciation in learned words that are borrowed from Standard Arabic into the respective dialect or when Arabs speak Modern Standard Arabic. : in most of the Arabian Peninsula, Northern and Eastern Yemen and parts of Oman, Southern Iraq, some parts within Jordan, eastern Syria and southern Palestine, Upper Egypt (Ṣaʿīd), Sudan, Libya, Mauritania and to lesser extent in some parts of Tunisia, Algeria, and Morocco but it is also used partially across those countries in some words.This variance has led to the confusion over the spelling of Libyan leader Muammar al-Gaddafi's name in Latin letters. In Western Arabic dialects the sound is more preserved but can also be sometimes pronounced or as a simple under Berber and French influence. : in most of the Levant and Egypt, as well as some North African towns such as Tlemcen and Fez.
Other pronunciations:
: In Sudanese and some forms of Yemeni, even in loanwords from Modern Standard Arabic or when speaking Modern Standard Arabic. : In rural Palestinian it is often pronounced as a voiceless velar plosive , even in loanwords from Modern Standard Arabic or when speaking Modern Standard Arabic.
Marginal pronunciations:
: In some positions in Najdi, though this pronunciation is fading in favor of . : Optionally in Iraqi and in Gulf Arabic, it is sometimes pronounced as a voiced postalveolar affricate , even in loanwords from Modern Standard Arabic or when speaking Modern Standard Arabic. ~ : in Sudanese and some Yemeni dialects (Yafi'i), and sometimes in Gulf Arabic by Persian influence, even in loanwords from Modern Standard Arabic or when speaking Modern Standard Arabic.
Velar gāf It is not well known when the pronunciation of qāf as a velar occurred or the probability of it being connected to the pronunciation of jīm as an affricate , but in the Arabian peninsula, there are two sets of pronunciations, either the represents a and represents a which is the main pronunciation in most of the peninsula except for western and southern Yemen and parts of Oman where represents a and represents a .
The Standard Arabic (MSA) combination of as a and as a does not occur in any natural modern dialect in the Arabian peninsula, which shows a strong correlation between the palatalization of to and the pronunciation of the as a as shown in the table below:
Pronunciation across other languages +LanguageDialect(s) / Script(s)Pronunciation (IPA)AzeriArabic alphabetKurdishSoraniMalayJawi or Pashto or PersianDariIranian~ or PunjabiShahmukhi or Urdu or Uyghur
Maghrebi variant
The Maghrebi style of writing is different: having only a single point (dot) above; when the letter is isolated or word-final, it may sometimes become unpointed. p. 38 shows with a superscript point in all four positions.
+ The Maghrebi Position in word:IsolatedFinalMedialInitialForm of letter:
The earliest Arabic manuscripts show in several variants: pointed (above or below) or unpointed. Then the prevalent convention was having a point above for and a point below for ; this practice is now only preserved in manuscripts from the Maghribi, with the exception of Libya and Algeria, where the Mashriqi form (two dots above: ) prevails.
Within Maghribi texts, there is no possibility of confusing it with the letter , as it is instead written with a dot underneath () in the Maghribi script.Muhammad Ghoniem, M S M Saifullah, cAbd ar-Rahmân Robert Squires & cAbdus Samad, Are There Scribal Errors In The Qur'ân?, see on a traffic sign written which is written elsewhere as , Retrieved 2011-August-27
Hebrew qof The Hebrew letter Qof () represents the voiceless uvular plosive /q/ historically and in less prominent pronunciations, but has merged in sound with כּ /k/ in Israeli, Ashkenazi and Sephardic Hebrew to be pronounced [k]. Its name is often pronounced and written "Kuf" (קוּף), especially by Ashkenazi Jews, taken from the Yiddish name of the letter. Yemenite Jews pronounce it [g].
Orthographic variantsVarious print fontsCursiveHebrewSolitreoRashiscriptSerif Sans-serif MonospacedקקקQof is consistently transliterated into classical Greek with the unaspirated〈κ〉/k/, while Kaf (both its allophones) is transliterated with the aspirated〈χ〉/kʰ/. Thus Qof was unaspirated /k/ where Kaf was /kʰ/, this distinction is no longer present. Further we know that Qoph is one of the emphatic consonants through comparison with other Semitic languages, and most likely was ejective /kʼ/. In Arabic the emphatics are pharyngealised and this causes a preference for back vowels, but this is not mirrored in Hebrew orthography. Though the gutturals show a preference for certain vowels, Hebrew emphatics do not and therefore were most likely not pharyngealised, but ejective; pharyngealisation being a result of Arabisation or else.
Numeral Qof in Hebrew numerals represents the number 100. Sarah is described in Genesis Rabba as , literally "At Qof years of age, she was like Kaf years of age in sin", meaning that when she was 100 years old, she was as sinless as when she was 20.
Syriac qop
Unicode
References
External links