The 2014 International Court of Justice election began on 6 November 2014 at United Nations Headquarters in New York City. In the set of triennial elections, the General Assembly and the Security Council concurrently elect five judges to the Court for nine-year terms, in this case beginning on 6 February 2015. From the nine candidates, the five winners were Mohamed Bennouna (Morocco), Joan Donoghue (United States), Kirill Gevorgian (Russia), James Crawford (Australia) and Patrick Lipton Robinson (Jamaica).

Background The International Court of Justice (ICJ), based in The Hague, is one of the principal organs of the United Nations. Also known as the World Court, it adjudicates legal disputes between states, and provides advisory opinions on legal questions submitted by other UN organs or agencies.

The court consists of 15 judges, with five judges elected every three years. (In the case of death or other vacancy, a judge is elected for the remainder of the term.) Judges are required to be independent and impartial; they may not exercise any political or administrative function, and do not act as a representative of their home state.

Elections of members of the Court are governed by articles 2 through 15 of the Statute of the International Court of Justice.

Prior to the election, the composition of the Court was as follows:

Judge Term starts / renewed Term ends Mohamed Bennouna 2006 2015 Bernardo Sepúlveda Amor 2006 2015 Leonid Skotnikov 2006 2015 Kenneth Keith 2006 2015 Joan Donoghue 2010Elected to fill an occasional vacancy 2015 Ronny Abraham, President 2005, 2009 2018 Abdulqawi Yusuf, Vice-President 2009 2018 Christopher Greenwood 2009 2018 Dalveer Bhandari 2012 2018 Antônio Augusto Cançado Trindade 2009 2018 Peter Tomka 2003, 2012 2021 Hisashi Owada 2003, 2012 2021 Xue Hanqin 2010, 2012 2021 Julia Sebutinde 2012 2021 Giorgio Gaja 2012 2021

The seats of Judges Sepúlveda Amor, Keith, Bennouna, Skotnikov and Donoghue were thus to be contested at the 2014 election. Judges Bennouna and Donoghue stood for re-election, while the other three did not.

Candidates

Qualifications Article 2 of the Statute of the ICJ provides that judges shall be elected “from among persons of high moral character, who possess the qualifications required in their respective countries for appointment to the highest judicial offices, or are jurisconsults of recognized competence in international law”.

Nomination procedure Nominations of candidates for election to the ICJ are made by individuals who sit on the Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA).Statute of the International Court of Justice , articles 4 and 5. For this purpose, members of the PCA act in "national groups" (i.e. all the PCA members from any individual country). (In the case of UN member states not represented in the PCA, the state in question may select up to four individuals to be its "national group" for the purpose of nominating candidates to the ICJ.)

Every such "national group" may nominate up to four candidates, not more than two of whom shall be of their own nationality.Statute of the International Court of Justice , article 5, paragraph 2. Before making these nominations, each "national group" is recommended to consult its highest court of justice, its legal faculties and schools of law, and its national academies and national sections of international academies devoted to the study of law.Statute of the International Court of Justice , article 6.

2014 nominees By a communication dated 31 January 2014, the Secretary-General of the United Nations invited the "national groups" to undertake the nomination of persons as judges of the ICJ, and submit the nominations no later than 30 June 2014.

The nominated candidates for the 2014 election (grouped according to the informal distribution of seats among United Nations Regional Groups) were as follows:

Regional group Vacancy Candidate Nominating national groups Africa Mohamed Bennouna Jemal Agatt Mauritania Eugénie Liliane Arivony Madagascar Mohamed Bennouna Argentina, China, Denmark, Finland, France, Iceland, Morocco, Norway, Peru, Russia, Spain Sayeman Bula-Bula Democratic Republic of the CongoEastern Europe Leonid Skotnikov Kirill Gevorgian Belarus, China, Colombia, France, Greece, Japan, Morocco, Peru, Republic of Korea, Russian Federation, Slovakia, United Kingdom, United StatesGRULAC Bernardo Sepúlveda Amor Susana Ruiz Cerutti Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Colombia, France, Germany, Iceland, Morocco, Peru, Spain Patrick Lipton Robinson Canada, Finland, Jamaica, Italy, Slovakia, Sweden, United Kingdom WEOG Kenneth Keith James Crawford Argentina, Australia, Austria, Canada, China, Colombia, Costa Rica, Croatia, Denmark, Finland, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Italy, Malaysia, Malta, Mexico, Morocco, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Slovakia, Sweden, Thailand, United Kingdom, Viet Nam Joan Donoghue Joan Donoghue Australia, Austria, Canada, China, Colombia, Denmark, France, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Mexico, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Peru, Republic of Korea, Russian Federation, Slovakia, Sweden, United Kingdom, United States

Election procedure The General Assembly and the Security Council proceed, independently of one another, to elect five members of the Court.

To be elected, a candidate must obtain an absolute majority of votes both in the General Assembly and in the Security Council. The words “absolute majority” are interpreted as meaning a majority of all electors, whether or not they vote or are allowed to vote. Thus 97 votes constitute an absolute majority in the General Assembly and 8 votes constitute an absolute majority in the Security Council (with no distinction being made between permanent and non-permanent members of the Security Council).

Only those candidates whose names appear on the ballot papers are eligible for election. Each elector in the General Assembly and in the Security Council may vote for not more than five candidates on the first ballot and, on subsequent ballots for five less the number of candidates who have already obtained an absolute majority.

When five candidates have obtained the required majority in one of the organs, the president of that organ notifies the president of the other organ of the names of the five candidates. The president of the latter does not communicate such names to the members of that organ until that organ itself has given five candidates the required majority of votes.

After both the General Assembly and the Security Council have produced a list of five names that received an absolute majority of the votes, the two lists are compared. Any candidate appearing on both lists is elected. But if fewer than five candidates have been thus elected, the two organs proceed, again independently of one another, at a second meeting and, if necessary, a third meeting to elect candidates by further ballots for seats remaining vacant, the results again being compared after the required number of candidates have obtained an absolute majority in each organ.

If after the third meeting, one or more seats still remain unfilled, the General Assembly and the Security Council may form a joint conference consisting of six members, three appointed by each organ. This joint conference may, by an absolute majority, agree upon one name for each seat still vacant and submit the name for the respective acceptance of the General Assembly and the Security Council. If the joint conference is unanimously agreed, it may submit the name of a person not included in the list of nominations, provided that candidate fulfills the required conditions of eligibility to be a judge on the ICJ.

If the General Assembly and the Security Council ultimately are unable to fill one or more vacant seats, then the judges of the ICJ who have already been elected shall proceed to fill the vacant seats by selection from among those candidates who have obtained votes either in the General Assembly or in the Security Council. In the event of a tie vote among the judges, the eldest judge shall have a casting vote.

Election Day 1: 6 November 2014 CandidateSecurity Council majority = 8General Assembly majority = 97R1R2R3R4R1R2R3R4R5R6R7 Joan Donoghue141414 14 155152158160157158 156 Mohamed Bennouna131314 14 147152156165161161 159 Kirill Gevorgian141415 15 143150151154147147 145 Patrick Lipton Robinson8887 136136149141138141139 James Crawford131313 12 135136140144141138 141 Susana Ruiz Cerutti9999 12411810411610810895 Sayeman Bula-Bula3323 422521–––– Eugénie Liliane Arivony1100 503124–––– Sources:

The Mauritanian delegation withdrew the candidacy of Jemal Agatt prior to the first round of voting. The Congolese and Madagascan delegations withdrew the candidacies of Sayeman Bula-Bula, and Eugénie Liliane Arivony respectively prior to the fourth round of voting in the General Assembly. Having received majority support in both the General Assembly and the Security Council, Mohamed Bennouna, James Crawford, Joan Donoghue, and Kirill Gevorgian were elected to the Court at the end of the first day of voting.

Day 2: 7 November 2014

On Day 1, the Security Council and the General Assembly, independently from one another, each held a meeting in order to select five candidates, and no more, who enjoyed majority support in the respective body. After the first meeting of each body, four candidates received the absolute majority of votes in both. One seat at the Court remained vacant. On Day 2, the Council and the Assembly proceeded to elect a judge to fill that seat, out of the two candidates who remained in the race. Technically, each time a candidate received majority support in one of the bodies, the respective meeting of that body was over and the two bodies compared results of their votes. If the same candidate received majority support, he or she would be elected to the Court. If different candidates received majority support, then each body proceeded to a new vote, technically at a new meeting.

CandidateMeeting 2Meeting 3Meeting 4Meeting 5Meeting 6Meeting 7Meeting 8SCGASCGASCGASCGASCGASCGASCGA Susana Ruiz Cerutti977971969968965964961 Patrick Lipton Robinson6115612161236121612561276130 Sources:

At every meeting, Patrick Lipton Robinson received majority support at the General Assembly, while Susana Ruiz Cerutti received majority support at the Security Council. Due to the impasse, further rounds of voting were postponed in order to allow delegations time for consultations.

Day 3: 17 November 2014

Prior to the third day of voting the Argentine delegation withdrew the candidacy of Susana Ruiz Cerutti.

CandidateMeeting 9SCGA Patrick Lipton Robinson15185 Source:

Patrick Lipton Robinson was thus elected for the last vacant seat at the Court.

Aftermath

After the election, the composition of the Court was as follows:

Judge Term starts / renewed Term ends Ronny Abraham 2005, 2009 2018 Abdulqawi Yusuf 2009 2018 Christopher Greenwood 2009 2018 Dalveer Bhandari 2012 2018 Antônio Augusto Cançado Trindade 2009 2018 Peter Tomka 2003, 2012 2021 Hisashi Owada 2003, 2012 2021 Xue Hanqin 2010, 2012 2021 Julia Sebutinde 2012 2021 Giorgio Gaja 2012 2021 Mohamed Bennouna 2006, 2015 2024 Joan Donoghue 2010, 2015 2024 Kirill Gevorgian 2015 2024 James Crawford 2015 2024 Patrick Lipton Robinson 2015 2024

References