Kostroma () is the name of several inhabited localities in Russia.

Urban localities Kostroma, a city in Kostroma Oblast;

Rural localities Kostroma, Belgorod Oblast, a selo in Prokhorovsky District of Belgorod Oblast Kostroma, Kamchatka Krai, a selo in Karaginsky District of Kamchatka Krai Kostroma, Sverdlovsk Oblast, a village in Kostinsky Selsoviet of Alapayevsky District in Sverdlovsk Oblast