1955 Alberta general election

The 1955 Alberta general election was held on June 29, 1955, to elect members of the Legislative Assembly of Alberta.

Despite losing almost 10% of the popular vote (compared to its 1952 proportion of the vote) and 30% of its seats in the legislature, the Social Credit Party, led by Ernest C. Manning, received a slightly higher number of votes than in 1952 and won a comfortable majority for its sixth term in government.

The Liberal Party emerged as the principal opposition to the Social Credit juggernaut, winning over 30% of the popular vote, and increasing its legislative caucus from 4 members to 15. The Cooperative Commonwealth Federation won two seats. However its leader, MLA Elmer Roper, was defeated, ending his thirteen-year career in the legislature. Three Conservative Party candidates and various independents also won seats.

This provincial election, like the previous seven, saw district-level proportional representation (Single transferable voting) used to elect the MLAs of Edmonton and Calgary. City-wide districts were used to elect multiple MLAs in the cities. All the other MLAs were elected in single-member districts through Instant-runoff voting. This was the last provincial election to use PR. After this the electoral system was changed to Plurality voting.

The rise in opposition MLAs was only partially created in the cities where single transferable voting was in use. Only one more opposition MLA was elected in the cities versus the number elected there in 1952. Calgary elected two Liberals in 1955 versus one in 1952. The addition of seven Liberal MLAs was produced by the rise in Liberal Party popularity. This was a sign of dis-satisfaction with the SC government which by that point in time had been in power 20 years.

A portion of the increased opposition caucus were four Liberal MLAs who were elected in rural districts through vote transfers conducted under instant-runoff voting despite the Social Credit candidate in each of the districts being the leader in the First Count. The election of these four caused the government to abandon the STV/AV system that had been in use since 1924. After the system's replacement by single-member Plurality voting and various other reforms put into effect by Premier Manning, the SC government would take many more seats in subsequent elections.A Report on Alberta Elections, p. 77-80

Voter turnout in this election was 68 per cent.A Report on Alberta Elections, p. 81

Snap vote The 1955 election was brought on after Liberal leader James Harper Prowse questioned the confidence of the government in question period regarding members of the Social Credit caucus who had had dealings with the Alberta Treasury Branch. Manning was angered by the question and had the Lieutenant Governor dissolve the assembly despite having two more years left in his term.

Expulsion On the last day of the campaign Ernest Manning barred candidates Roy Lee and John Landeryou from running as official Social Credit candidates. However, due to the ballots having already been printed, the two men were still listed under the Social Credit name. Lee and Landeryou had violated the Legislative Assembly Act by renting a building to the provincial government.

End of STV and AV Following this election, the Social Credit government did away with the Alternative Vote Instant-runoff voting system, that had been in place in the rural constituencies, and the PR through Single Transferable Vote system in Edmonton and Calgary, both of which had been in place since 1924.

Under Single Transferable Voting, results would take up to five days to count the necessary vote transfers, before the last member was declared elected. This was especially problematic, in Edmonton that elected seven members. The resulting representation was very well balanced, with as many as four parties commonly elected in each major city.

As well, the government in 1955 had lost four local elections in rural constituencies due to vote transfers held under IRV, when its candidate had received the largest portion of the vote in the first round but was not elected to the seat after re-distribution of the ballots in later counts. The cancellation of the IRV system was meant to prevent this in the future. In four constituencies the SC candidate had received plurality of first-choice votes but was not elected when another candidate surpassed his lead through vote transfers conducted under IRV. This indicated to the government that the supporters of the opposition parties were beginning to support each other in a joint effort to defeat the government. (One historian has stated that there were 20 constituencies like this in which the SC at the end won only five but that number is too high. There were 16 constituencies in which, in the first count, no candidate took the majority of the votes. Only in these constituencies was it necessary to hold more counts (involving re-distribution of some votes in accordance with voters' marked back-up preferences). Even where vote transfers were conducted and more counts held, mostly the candidate leading in the first round won the seat in the end, but there were four constituencies (Acadia-Coronation, Athabasca, Lac Ste. Anne and Vermilion) in which the leading candidate in the first round was not the candidate with the most votes at the end and thus did not win the seat. The victim in all four cases was a SC candidate.)

The government presented the complicated voting procedure as reason to shift to First past the post, a voting system that was simpler but also was expected to give the government more seats. The 1955 election saw the election of the largest opposition caucus that Manning faced during his 25 years as premier (although it was just 40 per cent of the seats in the Legislature). As well, it was the most opposition members Social Credit would face during its 36 years in power.

After the shift to First past the post the next election (1959) saw the government win all but four of the seats in the Legislature, far more than its due share of the vote.

Results

+Elections to the 13th Alberta Legislative Assembly (1955)PartyLeaderCandidatesFirst-preference votesSeats Votes ± % Change (pp) 1952 1955 ±Ernest C. Manning62 175,553 7,764 46.42 5316James H. Prowse53 117,741 75,812 31.13 312 Compared to 1952 Conservative/PC totalJohn P. Page26 34,757 23,786 9.19 21Elmer Roper38 31,180 10,749 8.24 23 2,721 1,482 0.72 1Frank Gainer2 4,581 4,581 1.21 –17 4,225 3,520 1.12 –1Ross Ellis2 4,001 4,001 1.06 –19 3,420 2,288 0.90 0.43Total 202378,179 100.00% Rejected ballots 22,839 2,226 Turnout 401,018 82,070 68.0% 8.6 Registered voters 589,409 52,239

MLAs elected

Synopsis of results + Results by riding1955 Alberta general election (all except Calgary, Edmonton and servicemember MLAs) Riding First-preference votes Turnoutincluding spoilt ballots Final counts Winning partyName SC CCF Total SC CCF 1952 1955   Acadia-Coronation2,026 1,932 – 607 – – – – – 4,56583.6% 2,122 2,263 – – – SC Lib Alexandra2,143 1,420 101 590 – – – – – 4,254 67.4%Elected on 1st count SC SC Athabasca2,073 2,069 – – – – – 293 – 4,43571.8% 2,097 2,145 – – – SC Lib Banff-Cochrane1,926 – – – – 2,342 – – – 4,26870.7%Elected on 1st count SC CoalBonnyville1,331 2,250 – – 788 – – – – 4,36974.3%Elected on 1st count SC LibBow Valley-Empress2,330 – – – – – – – 2,569 4,89974.5%Elected on 1st count SC Ind Bruce1,978 1,525 70 998 – – – – – 4,57174.2% 2,105 2,033 – – – SC SC Camrose2,899 2,214 217 734 – – – – – 6,06472.2% 3,081 2,758 – – – SC SC Cardston1,813 985 – – – – – – – 2,798 61.8%Elected on 1st count SC SC Clover Bar2,314 1,609 331 603 – – – – – 4,85770.6% 2,505 2,158 – – – SC SC Cypress2,668 1,205 – – – – – – – 3,87371.7%Elected on 1st count SC SC Didsbury2,601 – – – – 2,239 – – – 4,84072.3%Elected on 1st count SC SC Drumheller3,224 995 – – – – – 183 – 4,402 67.4%Elected on 1st count SC SC Edson2,529 2,146 192 – – – – – – 4,86770.7%Elected on 1st count SC SC Gleichen1,912 1,784 – – – – – – – 3,69674.6%Elected on 1st count SC SC Grande Prairie3,240 1,481 377 538 – – – – – 5,63670.8%Elected on 1st count SC SC Grouard2,319 2,855 – 571 – – – – – 5,745 67.5% 2,425 3,026 – – – Lib Lib Hand Hills2,685 1,666 – – – – – – 282 4,63381.7%Elected on 1st count SC SC Lac La Biche1,868 1,931 – – – – – – – 3,79974.0%Elected on 1st count SC Lib Lac Ste. Anne1,965 1,684 – 1,374 – – – – – 5,02376.6% 2,120 2,592 – – – SC Lib Lacombe2,255 – 1,579 602 – – – – – 4,43672.5%Elected on 1st count SC SC Leduc950 963 394 1,147 1,338 – – – – 4,79268.2% – 1,871 – – 2,035 I-SC I-SC Lethbridge4,788 3,361 883 490 – – – – – 9,522 63.6%Elected on 1st count SC SC Little Bow2,481 1,359 510 – – – – – – 4,35075.2%Elected on 1st count SC SC Macleod3,037 1,946 – – – – – – – 4,983 66.3%Elected on 1st count SC SC Medicine Hat5,066 1,862 – 605 – – – – – 7,533 61.7%Elected on 1st count SC SC Okotoks-High River2,482 – – – – – 2,607 – – 5,08977.3%Elected on 1st count SC L-C Olds3,161 2,238 – – – – – – – 5,39974.7%Elected on 1st count SC SC Peace River3,456 2,184 – 780 – – – – – 6,420 63.2%Elected on 1st count SC SC Pembina2,609 1,708 – 840 – – – – – 5,15772.9%Elected on 1st count SC SC Pincher Creek-Crowsnest2,799 – – – – – 1,394 363 – 4,55673.2%Elected on 1st count SC SC Ponoka2,254 1,323 184 698 – – – – 130 4,58971.3% 2,320 1,417 – 751 – SC SC Red Deer4,170 – 4,381 637 – – – – – 9,18870.2% 4,286 – 4,786 – – SC Con Redwater1,632 1,878 – 552 – – – 270 – 4,33272.5% 1,739 2,214 – – – SC Lib Rocky Mountain House2,829 1,200 – 417 – – – – – 4,44668.6%Elected on 1st count SC SC St. Albert2,509 2,618 159 – – – – – 646 5,93279.6% 2,610 3,029 – – – SC Lib St. Paul2,761 2,049 – – – – – 415 – 5,22576.4%Elected on 1st count SC SC Sedgewick2,748 1,450 – 483 – – – – – 4,68171.7%Elected on 1st count SC SC Spirit River2,369 1,306 – 950 – – – – – 4,62573.1%Elected on 1st count SC SC Stettler2,892 – 1,523 726 – – – – – 5,14174.6%Elected on 1st count SC SC Stony Plain1,788 2,865 – 758 – – – – – 5,41171.4%Elected on 1st count SC Lib Taber2,788 1,186 – – 595 – – – – 4,569 68.0%Elected on 1st count SC SC Vegreville1,887 1,126 – 1,953 – – – – – 4,96681.0% 2,197 – – 2,374 – SC CCF Vermilion2,018 1,728 – 684 – – – 307 – 4,73775.4% 2,111 2,131 – – – SC Lib Wainwright2,657 1,537 – 570 – – – 63 – 4,82772.0%Elected on 1st count SC SC Warner1,917 1,178 – – – – – – – 3,095 55.8%Elected on 1st count SC SC Wetaskiwin2,695 1,636 258 892 – – – – – 5,48172.3% 2,756 1,731 – 942 – SC SC Willingdon1,580 756 – 1,729 – – – – – 4,06575.5% 1,701 – – 2,108 – CCF CCF

= Open seat = turnout is above provincial average = Candidate was in previous Legislature = Incumbent had switched allegiance = Previously incumbent in another riding = Not incumbent; was previously elected to the Legislature = Incumbency arose from by-election gain = previously an MP in the House of Commons of Canada = Multiple candidates

Multi-member districts

District Seats won(in order declared)Calgary              Edmonton              

  Social Credit   Liberal   Conservative (in Edmonton); Progressive Conservative (in Calgary)

= Candidate was in previous Legislature = First-time MLA

STV analysis Exhausted votes Eighteen districts went beyond first-preference counts in order to determine winning candidates:

+ Exhausted votes (1955)DistrictCountsExhausted 1st preference Final Votes% of 1st prefCalgary62,494 59,366 3,128 Edmonton76,544 74,367 2,177 Acadia-Coronation4,565 4,385 180 Athabasca4,435 4,242 193 Bruce4,571 4,138 433 Camrose6,064 5,839 225 Clover Bar4,857 4,663 194 Grouard5,745 5,461 284 Lac Ste. Anne5,023 4,712 311 Leduc4,792 3,906 886 Ponoka4,589 4,488 101 Red Deer9,188 9,072 116 Redwater4,332 3,953 379 St. Albert5,932 5,639 293 Vegreville4,966 4,571 395 Vermilion4,737 4,242 495 Wetaskiwin5,481 5,429 52 Willingdon4,065 3,809 256

Calgary