Mirpur, officially known as New Mirpur City, is the capital of Mirpur district located in Pakistani-administered Azad Kashmir in the disputed Kashmir region.The application of the term "administered" to the various regions of Kashmir and a mention of the Kashmir dispute is supported by the tertiary sources (a) through (e), reflecting due weight in the coverage. Although "controlled" and "held" are also applied neutrally to the names of the disputants or to the regions administered by them, as evidenced in sources (h) through (i) below, "held" is also considered politicized usage, as is the term "occupied," (see (j) below). (a) (subscription required) Quote: "Kashmir, region of the northwestern Indian subcontinent ... has been the subject of dispute between India and Pakistan since the partition of the Indian subcontinent in 1947. The northern and western portions are administered by Pakistan and comprise three areas: Azad Kashmir, Gilgit, and Baltistan, the last two being part of a territory called the Northern Areas. Administered by India are the southern and southeastern portions, which constitute the state of Jammu and Kashmir but are slated to be split into two union territories."; (b) (subscription required) Quote: "Aksai Chin, Chinese (Pinyin) Aksayqin, portion of the Kashmir region, at the northernmost extent of the Indian subcontinent in south-central Asia. It constitutes nearly all the territory of the Chinese-administered sector of Kashmir that is claimed by India to be part of the Ladakh area of Jammu and Kashmir state."; (c) C. E Bosworth, the University of Manchester Quote: "KASHMIR, kash'mer, the northernmost region of the Indian subcontinent, administered partlv by India, partly by Pakistan, and partly by China. The region has been the subject of a bitter dispute between India and Pakistan since they became independent in 1947"; (d) Quote: "Jammu and Kashmir: Territory in northwestern India, subject to a dispute between India and Pakistan. It has borders with Pakistan and China." (e) Quote: "We move from a disputed international border to a dotted line on the map that represents a military border not recognized in international law. The line of control separates the Indian and Pakistani administered areas of the former Princely State of Jammu and Kashmir."; (f) (g) (h) Quote: "J&K: Jammu and Kashmir. The former princely state that is the subject of the Kashmir dispute. Besides IJK (Indian-controlled Jammu and Kashmir. The larger and more populous part of the former princely state. It has a population of slightly over 10 million, and comprises three regions: Kashmir Valley, Jammu, and Ladakh.) and AJK ('Azad" (Free) Jammu and Kashmir. The more populous part of Pakistani-controlled J&K, with a population of approximately 2.5 million.), it includes the sparsely populated "Northern Areas" of Gilgit and Baltistan, remote mountainous regions which are directly administered, unlike AJK, by the Pakistani central authorities, and some high-altitude uninhabitable tracts under Chinese control." (i) Quote: "Kashmir's identity remains hotly disputed with a UN-supervised “Line of Control” still separating Pakistani-held Azad (“Free”) Kashmir from Indian-held Kashmir."; (j) Quote:"Some politicised terms also used to describe parts of J&K. These terms include the words 'occupied' and 'held'." It is the second largest city of Azad Kashmir and the 74th most populous city in Pakistan.

A significant portion of the population from the district, the Mirpuri diaspora, migrated to the United Kingdom in the mid-to-late 1950s and in the early 1960s. Mirpur is thus sometimes known as "Little England". Many British products are found, and many shops in the city accept the pound sterling.

History

The city of Mirpur was founded in around 1640 AD or 1050 AH by the local Ghakhar chief Miran Shah Ghazi during Mughal rule. The Imperial Gazetteer of India Provincial Series Kashmir and Jammu (1909) reports that Mirpur "is said to have been founded by Miran Shah Ghazi and Sultan Fateh Khan." An alternative view is that the city was founded by Mira Shah Gazi and Gosain Bodhpuri, both regarded as saints. The word 'Mir' was taken from the name of the former and 'Pur’ from the latter.

The area that is now Mirpur has been historically associated with Pothohar region of Punjab, though the modern demarcation of Pothohar devised by the British excludes Mirpur, by using the Jhelum River as its eastern boundary. By the end of the 18th century, Gakhar power in Pothohar had declined. Mirpur had become part of Chibb, which ruled the state of Khari Khariyali with its capital located at Mangla Fort. With the rise of the Sikh power in the Punjab, Maharaja Ranjit Singh established his position and set his eyes to the north on the Chibh states of Bhimber and Khari Khariyali. In 1810, a force was sent against Raja Sultan Khan of Bhimber and was met with fierce resistance, causing the Sikhs and their Dogra allies to retreat. However, in 1812 another Sikh army under prince Kharak Singh defeated Raja Sultan Khan, and the Bhimber state was annexed as Jagir of Kharak Singh. Around the same time, Ranjit Singh acquired Gujrat and invaded Khari Khariyali, then ruled by Raja Umar Khan. Exhausted by conflict, Raja Umar Khan made peace with Ranjit Singh; but before a settlement could be made, he died. The state and Mirpur ultimately became part of Ranjit Singh's territories.History of Panjab Hill States, Hutchison, Vogel 1933

In 1808, Ranjit Singh annexed Jammu state, which had been a tributary since 1780. In 1820, he awarded Jammu to his commander Gulab Singh, who hailed from Jammu and had been under the service of Ranjit Singh for the past eight years. Between 1831 and 1839 Ranjit Singh bestowed on Gulab Singh the royalty of the salt mines in northern Punjab, and the northern Punjab towns including Bhera, Jhelum, Rohtas and Gujrat. Gulab Singh kept on expanding his kingdom, and in 1840, Baltistan was made subject to Jammu while Gilgit fell to a Sikh force from Kashmir in 1842. The state of Kashmir was annexed by Ranjit Singh in 1819. However, the rebellion in Hazara in the beginning of 1846 compelled the country to be transferred to Raja Gulab Singh of Jammu as well.

Ranjit Singh had given Poonch, Mirpur, and Bhimber as a Jagir to Gulab Singh's younger brother Dhian Singh. However, in 1843 Dhian Singh died, and Gulab Singh considered these areas now part of his territory. He was not able to establish full control due to resistance movements.

As an aftermath of the First Anglo-Sikh War and the Treaty of Lahore, the Treaty of Amritsar was signed between the British East India company and Raja Gulab Singh of Jammu on March 16, 1846. The British Government sold Kashmir to the Raja of Jammu for 75 lakhs Nanak Shahi Rupees. This treaty transferred to him all the hill states between Ravi and Indus. The transfer included Kashmir, Hazara, and the southern hill states, including the former Khari Khariyali, thus sealing the fate of Mirpur with the new state of Jammu and Kashmir.

Early Mirpur Since Mirpur lies in between where the Jhelum River meets the densely forested foothills of the Pir Panjal mountains and above the plains of the largely treeless Punjab, it was an ideal spot for the construction of the boats used to carry goods from the Himalayas down the five rivers of the Punjab to the Indus River and on to the seaports in the Indus delta. Traders have been operating from there across the Indian Ocean for more than three thousand years. Most of the crew on the boats trading up and down the Punjab and Indus River system were drawn from Mirpur, as training as a boatbuilder was a necessary prerequisite for becoming a boatman.

British Dominion On 1 April 1847 Captain James Abbott, who was demarcating the Punjab-Kashmir boundary after the First Anglo-Sikh War, noted in his journal "Marched to Meerpoor. As the boundary between Lahore and Jammu and Kashmir for many miles is the stream of the river Jhelum, no boundary pillars are requisite during that extent of limit. I am therefore hastening to the point at which the boundary quits the Jelum".JOURNALS AND DIARIES OF THE ASSISTANTS TO THE RESIDENT AT LAHORE - No. 7.—Journal of Captain James Abbott, Boundary Commissioner, from Ist to 10th. April 1847. He noted that there was no need to erect boundary pillars as the River Jhelum formed the boundary along that stretch land.

The following day, Abbott noted, "Boundary pillars in earth are now set up from the Ravi to the Jelum, about two-thirds of the entire line of frontier between the States."

During the modern period of the Dogra principality, a British dominion, the thriving river trade diminished due to colonial construction of railway lines from Bombay and Karachi into the interior of the Sindh and Punjab.

Independence and War After the Partition of India, the city was part of the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir led by Maharaja Hari Singh, which chose to remain independent. During the Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948, Mirpur was captured by the local rebels and tribal forces. Local intervention on 25 November 1947 contributed to it becoming part of Azad Kashmir.

Geography Mirpur lies at the foothills of the Himalayas mountain range of an altitude of above sea level and is linked with the main Peshawar-Lahore Grand Trunk Road at Dina Tehsil in Jhelum District. It is the headquarters of Mirpur District, which has two subdivisions: Mirpur and Dudial.

Climate Mirpur has a humid subtropical climate. The average annual temperature is 25.1 °C. The average annual rainfall is . Since it is in the extreme south of Jammu and Kashmir, the city has a climate that is extremely hot during summer, making it very similar to the Pakistani areas of Jhelum and Gujar Khan.

Industry

The government of Azad Jammu and Kashmir has promoted the industrial development of Mirpur and private investment in a diverse economy: foam, polypropylene, synthetic yarn, motorbikes and scooters, textiles, vegetable oil (ghee), wood and sawmills, soap, cosmetics, marble, ready-made garments, matches and rosin, turpentine. The economy of Mirpur contributes to the economy of Azad Kashmir. However, much of the infrastructure still needs improvement so that higher-quality products can be produced.

As part of the relief and compensation package in the wake of the Mangla Dam, a new city is being developed along the southeastern outskirts of Mirpur, with the main city of Mirpur being expanded. Much construction is occurring throughout the district by Pakistani and Chinese contractors, raising the dam. Four towns in the district have been planned near the new city to resettle the population affected by the project.

Education

English is common in educational institutes. Previously, the University of Azad Jammu & Kashmir was the only institution for higher studies but there have been significant changes in the educational infrastructure. The Mirpur University of Science and Technology (MUST), the Akson College of Health Science and the Mohtarma Benazir Bhutto Shaheed Medical College have been formed.

The AJK Board of Intermediate and Secondary Education, Mirpur is responsible for the studies at lower levels. In addition to the state-run schools and colleges, Mirpur has a well-developed private sector providing the education to all sections of the society:

Other notable colleges and schools include:

The City School Mohi ud Din Islamic Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences Roots Millennium Schools Beaconhouse School System

Sports

Football, cricket and volleyball are popular in Mirpur. Mirpur has a cricket stadium, Quaid-e-Azam Stadium.