The Supreme Court of Judicature at Fort William in Calcutta, was founded in 1774 by the Regulating Act 1773. It replaced the Mayor's Court of Calcutta and was British India's highest court from 1774 until 1862, when the High Court of Calcutta was established by the Indian High Courts Act 1861.
From 1774 to the arrival of Parliament's Bengal Judicature Act 1781 in June 1782, the Court claimed jurisdiction over any person residing in Bengal, Bihar or Orissa. These first years were known for their conflict with the Supreme Council of Bengal over the Court's jurisdiction. The conflict came to an end with Parliament's passing of the Bengal Judicature Act 1781 which restricted the Supreme Court's jurisdiction to either those who lived in Calcutta, or to any British subject in Bengal, Bihar and Orissa, thereby removing the court's jurisdiction over any person residing in Bengal, Bihar and Orissa.
The courthouse itself was a two storied building with Ionic columns and an urn-topped balustrade and stood by the side of the Writers’ Buildings. The building also served as the Town Hall of Calcutta at one time. It was demolished in 1792 and replaced by the present building in 1832.
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The court's first judges were Sir Elijah Impey, Chief justice from 1774 to 1783 on his recall to England for impeachment. Stephen Caesar Le Maistre, Puisne judge from 1774 to 1777 on his death. John Hyde (judge), Puisne judge from 1774 to 1796 on his death. Robert Chambers, Puisne judge from 1774 to 1783, Acting Chief Justice from 1783 to 1791. Chief Justice from 1791-1798, on his resignation. Sir William Jones, Puisne judge from 1783 to 1794 on his death. Sir William Dunkin, Puisne judge from August 14, 1791 to unknown.
Chief Justices Chief JusticeTerm Notes Sir Elijah Impey 16 March 1774–1791 Recalled 1783 Sir Robert Chambers 1791–1 Aug 1798previously Acting Chief Justice 1783–1791 Sir John Anstruther, Bt 1798–22 Feb 1806 Sir Henry Russell 1807–9 Nov 1813 Sir Edward Hyde East 1813–July 1822 Sir Robert Henry Blosset 1822–1 Feb 1823 (died in office) Sir Christopher Puller 1823–26 May 1824 (died in office) Sir Charles Grey 1825–1832 Sir William O. Russell 22 Feb 1832–1833 (died in office) Sir Edward Ryan 1833–1842 Sir Lawrence Peel 1842–1855 Sir James William Colvile 1855–1859Sir Barnes Peacock 1859–1862afterwards Chief Justice of the High Court of Calcutta
Justices Puisne judgeTerm Notes Stephen Caesar Le Maistre22 October 1774–4 Nov 1777 Died John Hyde 22 October 1774–8 July 1796 Died William Jones 22 Oct 1783–27 Apr 1791 Died William Dunkin 3 Sept 1791–1 Aug 1797 Resigned James Watson 1 Mar 1796–2 May 1796 Died John Royds 23 Oct 1797–24 Sept 1817 Died William Burroughs 3 Nov 1806–20 Dec 1815 Resigned Francis Workman-Macnaghten 1 Mar 1816–2 Mar 1825 Resigned Anthony Buller26 Sept 1816–1 Jan 1827 Resigned John Franks 6 Oct 1825–15 Mar 1831 Resigned John Peter Grant17 Oct 1833–1848 Benjamin Heath Malkin 6 Oct 1835–21 Oct 1837 Died
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