Kapitonov () is a Russian masculine surname, its feminine counterpart is Kapitonova. It may refer to
Dmitry Kapitonov (born 1968), Russian long-distance runner Natalia Kapitonova (born 2000), Russian artistic gymnast Viktor Kapitonov (1933–2005), Russian cyclist Viktorina Kapitonova (born 1985), Russian ballerina Vladimir Kapitonov, Russian-American biologist and geneticist