The 1994 United States House of Representatives elections were held on November 8, 1994, to elect U.S. Representatives to serve in the 104th United States Congress. They occurred in the middle of President Bill Clinton's first term. In what was known as the Republican Revolution, a 54-seat swing in membership from the Democratic Party to the Republican Party resulted in the latter gaining a majority of seats in the House of Representatives for the first time since 1952. It was also the largest seat gain for the party since 1946, and the largest for either party since 1948, and characterized a political realignment in American politics.

Democrats had run the House since 1955, and for all but four years (1947–49 and 1953–55) since 1931. In 1994, the Republican Party ran against President Clinton's proposed healthcare reform. The Republicans argued that Clinton had abandoned the centrist New Democrat platform he campaigned on during the 1992 presidential election and reverted to big government solutions. The GOP ran on Newt Gingrich's Contract with America.

The incumbent Speaker of the House, Democrat Tom Foley, lost re-election in his district, becoming the first sitting speaker to be defeated since Galusha Grow in 1863. Other major upsets included the defeat of powerful long-serving representatives such as Ways and Means chairman Dan Rostenkowski and Judiciary chairman Jack Brooks. In total, 34 incumbents, all Democrats, were defeated. Republicans also won a number of seats held by retiring Democrats. No Republican incumbents lost re-election, but Democrats won four open Republican-held seats. NFL Hall of Famer Steve Largent was elected in Oklahoma and singer Sonny Bono was elected in California.

Robert H. Michel, the Republican minority leader, chose to retire due to pressure from the more conservative members of the Republican caucus. Dick Cheney had served as the Minority Whip and Michel supported having Edward Rell Madigan replace him, but the position was instead given to Gingrich, who would later be selected to become speaker. The incumbent Democratic majority leader, Dick Gephardt, became minority leader. The new House leadership, under the Republicans, promised to bring a dozen legislative proposals to a vote in the first 100 days of the session, although the U.S. Senate did not always follow suit.

In a significant political realignment, the South underwent a dramatic transformation. Before the election, House Democrats outnumbered House Republicans in the South. Afterwards, with the Republicans having picked up a total of 19 Southern seats, they were able to outnumber Democrats in the South for the first time since Reconstruction. The Republicans would go on to remain the majority party of the House for the following 12 years, until the 2006 elections. The Republicans have won at least 200 seats in almost every House election since, with the exceptions of 2008 and 2018. , this is the last congressional election in which Democrats won a House seat in Montana, as well as the last time Republicans won any House seats in Massachusetts.

Voting patterns Republican gains, 1992–1994

Category % Rep.1992 % Rep.1994 % shiftto Republican1992–94 size ofgroup% /all Southern whites 53 65 12 24 White men 51 62 11 40 White "born again" Christian 66 76 10 20 Whites 30–44 years old 51 61 10 28 Independents 46 56 10 24 White Protestants 57 66 9 41 Whites 60 and over 46 55 9 26 Whites 50 58 8 79 Men 30–44 years old 49 57 8 17 Republicans 85 93 8 35 Income under $15,000 31 38 7 11 Conservatives 72 79 7 34 Men 60 and over 44 51 7 12 Whites 45–59 52 59 7 23 Men 48 54 6 49 High school education 42 48 6 22 Some college 47 53 6 32 White women 49 55 6 40 Unmarried men 42 48 6 14 Country on "wrong track" -- 67 59 Disapprove of Clinton -- 82 49 1992 Perot voters -- 67 12 Source: Data from exit-poll surveys by Voter Research and Surveys and Mitofsky International published in The New York Times, November 13, 1994, p. 24.

Religious right Evangelicals were an important group within the electorate and a significant voting block in the Republican party. The national exit poll by Mitofsky International showed 27% of all voters identified themselves as a born-again or evangelical Christians, up from 18% in 1988 and 24% in 1992. Republican House candidates outpolled Democrats among white evangelicals by a massive 52 points, 76% to 24%.Klinkner 118.

According to a survey sponsored by the Christian Coalition, 33 percent of the 1994 voters were "religious conservatives," up from 24 percent in 1992 and 18 percent in 1988 (CQ Weekly Report), November 19, 1994, p. 3364; in the 1994 exit poll, 38 percent identified themselves as "conservatives," compared with 30 percent in 1992.Hotline, November 12, 1994.

Party identification and ideology by selected religious groups 1994 Party identification Political ideology Religion Democratic Republican Liberal Moderate Conservative White evangelical 20 54 6 33 61 Highly religious 34 39 15 48 37 Secular 44 27 31 47 22 Jewish 57 13 36 50 14 All voters 41 35 18 47 35 Source: Mitofsky International exit poll in Klinkner, p. 121.

Overall results Ross Perot's organization United We Stand America issued a report card for each member of Congress. 169 Democrats, 2 Republicans, and one independent received a failing grade. Perot went on Larry King Live in October and called for the Democrats to lose their majority in the U.S. House. He endorsed the Republican opponent of Speaker Tom Foley.

+ ↓ 204 1 230 Democratic I Republican

Party Seats Seat percentage Vote percentage Popular vote 1992 Elected Net change Republican 176 230 54 52.9% 51.5% 36,325,809 Democratic 258 204 54 46.9% 44.7% 31,542,823 Independent 1 1 0.2% 0.7% 497,403 Libertarian 0 0 0.0% 0.6% 415,944 Conservative 0 0 0.0% 0.4% 302,735 U.S. Taxpayers' 0 0 0.0% 0.1% 90,793 Right to Life 0 0 0.0% 0.1% 70,526 Peace and Freedom 0 0 0.0% 0.1% 63,450 Natural Law 0 0 0.0% 0.1% 62,556 Green Party 0 0 0.0% 0.1% 40,177 Others 0 0 0.0% 1.5% 1,081,432 Totals 435 435 100.0% 100.0% 70,493,648

Source: Election Statistics - Office of the Clerk

Maps

Incumbents defeated In primary elections Democrats : Mike Synar lost to Virgil R. Cooper, who later lost the general election to Republican Tom Coburn. : Lucien E. Blackwell lost to Chaka Fattah, who later won the general election. : Craig Washington lost to Sheila Jackson Lee, who later won the general election.

Republicans : David A. Levy lost to Dan Frisa, who later won the general election.

In the general elections Democrats Thirty-four incumbent Democrats (including 16 "freshmen") were defeated in 1994. Democrats from Washington lost the most seats (5).

: Karan English : Dan Hamburg : Richard H. Lehman : Lynn Schenk : George Darden : Don Johnson Jr. : Larry LaRocco : Dan Rostenkowski : Jill Long : Frank McCloskey : Neal Edward Smith : Dan Glickman : Thomas Barlow : Peter Hoagland : James Bilbray : Richard Swett : Herb Klein : George J. Hochbrueckner : Martin Lancaster : David Price : David S. Mann : Ted Strickland : Eric Fingerhut : Marjorie Margolies : Jack Brooks : Bill Sarpalius : Karen Shepherd : Leslie Byrne : Maria Cantwell : Jolene Unsoeld : Jay Inslee : Tom Foley : Mike Kreidler : Peter W. Barca

Republicans None

Open seats that changed parties

Democratic seats won by Republicans 22 open seats previously held by Democrats were won by Republicans.

: Matt Salmon : Joe Scarborough : Dave Weldon : Saxby Chambliss : Jerry Weller : David M. McIntosh : Sam Brownback : James B. Longley Jr. : Dick Chrysler : Gil Gutknecht : Roger Wicker : Frank LoBiondo : David Funderburk : Richard Burr : Bob Ney : Tom Coburn : J. C. Watts : Jim Bunn : Lindsey Graham : Zach Wamp : Van Hilleary : Jack Metcalf

Republican seats won by Democrats Democrats won four open seats previously held by Republicans.

: John Baldacci : Bill Luther : Mike Doyle : Patrick J. Kennedy

Open seats that parties held

Democratic seats held Democrats held nine of their open seats.

: Zoe Lofgren : Mike Ward : Lynn Rivers : Karen McCarthy : Chaka Fattah : Frank Mascara : Lloyd Doggett : Sheila Jackson Lee : Ken Bentsen Jr.

Republican seats held Republicans held 17 of their open seats.

: John Shadegg : Andrea Seastrand : Sonny Bono : Mark Foley : Ray LaHood : Tom Latham : Bob Ehrlich : Rodney Frelinghuysen : Dan Frisa : Sue Kelly : Sue Myrick : Steve Largent : Wes Cooley : Phil English : Mark Sanford : Ed Bryant : Barbara Cubin

Closest races Eighty-seven races were decided by 10% or lower.

District Winner Margin data-sort-value=-1 0.01% data-sort-value=-1 0.12% data-sort-value=-0.5 (flip) 0.24% data-sort-value=-1 0.28% data-sort-value=-1 0.31% data-sort-value=-1 0.41% data-sort-value=-1 0.64% data-sort-value=0.5 (flip) 0.66% data-sort-value=1 0.75% data-sort-value=0.5 (flip) 0.79% data-sort-value=0.5 (flip) 0.94% data-sort-value=0.5 (flip) 0.95% data-sort-value=-1 1.01% data-sort-value=-1 1.21% data-sort-value=0.5 (flip) 1.30% data-sort-value=-1 1.83% data-sort-value=0.5 (flip) 1.84% data-sort-value=0.5 (flip) 1.90% data-sort-value=0.5 (flip) 1.90% data-sort-value=-1 2.28% data-sort-value=0.5 (flip) 2.52% data-sort-value=-1 2.56% data-sort-value=1 2.57% data-sort-value=-1 2.71% data-sort-value=0.5 (flip) 3.02% data-sort-value=1 3.12% data-sort-value=-1 3.14% data-sort-value=-1 3.15% data-sort-value=0 3.30% data-sort-value=0.5 (flip) 3.31% data-sort-value=-1 3.54% data-sort-value=0.5 (flip) 3.58% data-sort-value=1 3.61% data-sort-value=-1 3.65% data-sort-value=0.5 (flip) 3.78% data-sort-value=0.5 (flip) 3.85% data-sort-value=-1 3.87% data-sort-value=-1 4.06% data-sort-value=0.5 (flip) 4.13% data-sort-value=-1 4.19% data-sort-value=0.5 (flip) 4.20% data-sort-value=-1 4.28% data-sort-value=-1 4.75% data-sort-value=0.5 (flip) 4.86% data-sort-value=-0.5 (flip) 4.94% data-sort-value=0.5 (flip) 4.99% data-sort-value=-1 5.40% data-sort-value=0.5 (flip) 5.42% data-sort-value=-1 5.44% data-sort-value=0.5 (flip) 5.49% data-sort-value=-1 5.65% data-sort-value=0.5 (flip) 5.82% data-sort-value=0.5 (flip) 6.01% data-sort-value=0.5 (flip) 6.15% data-sort-value=-1 6.18% data-sort-value=0.5 (flip) 6.19% data-sort-value=-1 6.43% data-sort-value=0.5 (flip) 6.55% data-sort-value=-1 6.57% data-sort-value=0.5 (flip) 6.64% data-sort-value=1 6.67% data-sort-value=0.5 (flip) 6.68% data-sort-value=0.5 (flip) 6.72% data-sort-value=-1 6.76% data-sort-value=-1 6.91% data-sort-value=-1 7.01% data-sort-value=-1 7.16% data-sort-value=-1 7.28% data-sort-value=-1 7.29% data-sort-value=-1 7.32% data-sort-value=0.5 (flip) 7.46% data-sort-value=0.5 (flip) 7.58% data-sort-value=0.5 (flip) 7.60% data-sort-value=-1 7.68% data-sort-value=0.5 (flip) 7.95% data-sort-value=-0.5 (flip) 8.30% data-sort-value=-1 8.32% data-sort-value=0.5 (flip) 8.37% data-sort-value=-1 6.64% data-sort-value=0.5 (flip) 8.86% data-sort-value=-1 8.91% data-sort-value=0.5 (flip) 8.93% data-sort-value=-1 9.06% data-sort-value=0.5 (flip) 9.33% data-sort-value=-0.5 (flip) 9.64% data-sort-value=-1 9.68% data-sort-value=0.5 (flip) 9.97%

Special elections

District Predecessor Party First elected Results Candidates Glenn English Democratic 1974 Incumbent resigned January 7, 1994 to become vice president and general manager of the National Rural Electric Cooperative Association.Winner elected May 10, 1994.Republican gain.Winner was subsequently re-elected in November. William Natcher Democratic 1953 Incumbent died March 29, 1994.Winner elected May 24, 1994.Republican gain.Winner was subsequently re-elected in November.

Alabama