Kalevala, a.k.a. "Calevala" (Russian: Калевала), was a propeller-operated corvette of the Finnish navy. The construction of it was completed in 1858 at Turku Old Shipyard, Finland. From 1860 to 1865, the corvette served in the Pacific Fleet of Russia. At the time, Finland was an autonomous grand duchy (1809-1917) within the Russian Empire.
Construction and launching of Kalevala The corvette was designed by the ship designer Jörgensen, under the auspices of the Finnish Vice Admiral Johan Eberhard von Schantz (1802-1880), who was promoted to admiral in 1866. The construction of the vessel was funded by the Senate of Finland. The total cost of the ship's construction was 342'804 Russian silver rubles (the Finnish Markka became the currency of Finland from 1860 onward). The corvette had 15 cannons.ф.1304. "Калевала", винтовой корвет балтийского флота (1858–1872). Аннотированный реестр описей фондов (1696-1917).Калевала - корвет. The displacement of the vessel was 1500 tons. The ship was set afloat on July 2, 1858. In December, 1858, the Military Commissary of Finland hired machinists and boiler-men to work on the ship. In March, 1859, offers of food supplies for the crew were solicited. Huuto-kauppoja, Suomen Julkisia Sanomia ("Public News of Finland"), No. 10. March 3, 1859, page 4. In the early summer of 1859, the steam engines of the vessel were tested at the Baltic Sea waters near Kronstadt. From the start, Finnish Baron Otto Carpelan operated as the captain of the ship. Finnish Paul Karl Toppelius (later promoted to rear admiral) became the head of the officers serving on the ship. Still during the springtime of 1860, machinists were hired for the ship's sailing season of 1860.
Kalevala in the Pacific Fleet of Russia Kalevala in the Russian Far East With the 1858 Peace Treaty of Aigun and the 1860 Peace Treaty of Peking, Russia extended its territories in the Far East. Unexpectedly, in 1860 Kalevala was pointed in the service of the Pacific Fleet of Russia, with new home port in Nikolayevsk-on-Amur in the Russian Far East. Baron Otto Carpelan remained the captain of Kalevala on the sail of the vessel from Kronstadt at the Baltic Sea to the vessel's new home port on the Russian coast of the Pacific Ocean. The long journey started from Kronstadt on October 18, 1860.Нa краю Восточной Руси – (К.М. Станюкович во Владивостоке) (a fragment, "K. M. Stanyukovich in Vladivostok") In addition to Kalevala, the squadron heading to the Far East consisted of two other corvettes, Bogatyr and Rynda, as well as two clippers, Finnish-built Abrek (built in Pori in 1860) and its model vessel Gaidamak, which had been obtained from England.
The voyage was headed by Rear Admiral Andrei Alexandrovitš Popov. According to at least one Russian source, Otto Carpelan continued as the captain of Kalevala beyond this voyage, in the duties assigned for the vessel in the service of the Russian Pacific Fleet.Экспедиция русского флота к берегам Северной Америки (18 июля 1863–20 июля 1864) According to another source, also Vladimir Davydov skippered Kalevala, and from 1863 also Fedor Želtuhin (Федор Николаевич Желтухин).ЖЕЛТУХИН Федор Николаевич (1826-1898). (in Russian). In June, 1861, a year after the first Russian military camp had been established in Vladivostok, on the Pacific coast of the Russian Far East, the crew of Kalevala erected the first church of the future city. The construction of the church was completed together with local soldiers from Vladivostok.Владивосток начинался с храма. (in Russian). In 1863, the crew of Kalevala mapped the islands around Vladivostok. At that time, a bay in the area was named after Kalevala. It is located in the Posjet Bay, which is a part of the Peter the Great Gulf.Kalevala - the bay. (in Russian).
Finnish seamen and vessels in Russian America Russian America was the name of Russian colonial possessions in North America from 1733 to 1867, that today is the U.S. State of Alaska and settlements in California (1) and Hawaii (3 - starting in 1817) (distant from the North American landmass in the Pacific Ocean and therefore more commonly associated with the other territories of Oceania). Formal incorporation of the possessions by Russia did not take place until the establishment of the Russian-American Company (RAC) in 1799. Finnish Chief Managers ("governors") of Russian America included Arvid Adolf Etholén (a.k.a. Etolin) in 1840-1845 and Johan Hampus Furuhjelm in 1859-1864.Etholén, Arvid Adolf (1798 - 1876) Chief Manager of Russian America in 1840-1845, rear admiral, explorer (in Finnish).Johan Hampus Furuhjelm Chief Manager of Russian America in 1859-1864, admiral, explorer (in Finnish). A third Finn, Johan Joachim von Bartram, declined the offer for the five-year term between 1850 and 1855. All three were high ranking Imperial naval officers. Researcher Maria J. Enckell states the following about the Finns in the Russian-American Company:
"Russia relied heavily on Finnish seamen. These seamen manned Russian naval ships as well as its deep-sea-going vessels. Company records show that in the early 1800s these ships were crewed predominantly by merchant seamen from Finland. From 1840 onward the Company’s around-the-world ships were manned entirely by Finnish merchant skippers and crews. Most Company ships stationed in Sitka and the Northern Pacific were likewise manned by Finnish skippers and Finnish crews."Scandinavian Immigration to Russian Alaska, 1800-1867. Author: Maria Jarlsdotter Enckell. Page 108.
"Significant too is that from the early 1800s the Finnish seamen sailing these ships had journeyed up and down the North and South American coasts. Salt, used by the Company in preserving pelts, was obtained on islands in Baja California. Fort Ross in Bodega Bay, just north of San Francisco, was a stop on that route until 1841 when the fort was sold to the “swindler” Johann Sutter, on whose land the first California Gold was found. Thus, all Finnish seamen plying these waters knew every nook and cranny on these shores. Similarly they knew equally well the coast on the Asiatic side. Returning to Finland on their mandatory around-the-world journeys, they spread the news of the riches they had seen."
"San Francisco’s harbor records and the Russian Consular records display the names of many Finnish and Baltic Russian Alaska skippers busily plying the waters between San Francisco, Petropavlovsk, Nikolajefsk and Vladivostok." ... "Long before the turn of the century 11% of San Francisco’s seaman community were Finns. The commercial activities of these former Finnish Russian-American Company skippers and their men were impressive. At least two are known to have become multimillionaires: Gustaf Nybom (later Niebaum), the founder of Inglenook wineries, and Otto Wilhelm Lindholm of Vladivostok. Their business ventures had interests spread across the Northern Pacific. This activity continued until 1922 and the Soviet terror, when Vladivostok's numerous Finns and Manchurians were rounded up, marched to the central square and shot.""Long before the turn of the century 11% of San Francisco’s seaman community were Finns." Scandinavian Immigration to Russian Alaska, 1800-1867. M.J. Enckell. Page 112.
In 1817-1818, Arvid Adolf Etholén skippered the Russian frigate Kamchatka from Kronstadt to the Alaskan port of Sitka, the capital of Russian America, known as Novoarkhangelsk ("New Archangel") under Russian rule. As a captain of several ships, Etholén then sailed from Sitka to California, Sandwich Islands and other areas, and in 1821-1823 he explored and mapped the utmost northwestern edges of the Pacific Rim of North America, between Alaska and the Bering Strait. In 1824, Etholén skippered the Finnish-builtThe brig ”Baikal” was built in Helsinki (1847) and the corvette ”Varjag” in Oulu. Journal by Maria Enckell at Migration Institute. brig Baikal from Sitka to California, and the following year the frigate Kreiser from Sitka to Kronstadt. After having been pointed the Chief Manager ("governor") of Russian America, Etholén skippered the Finnish-builtIn 1836–1839, the ships ”Nicolai I” and ”Naslednik Aleksandr” were built in Turku for the Russian American Company. . vessel Nikolai I ("Nicolai") from Kronstadt to Sitka in 1939-1940. On the same day with Nikolai I, also the Russian ship Konstantin arrived in Sitka, under the command of Finnish Johan Joachim von Bartram (who later declined the opportunity to govern the Russian America from 1850 to 1855).
In 1839, Sitka Lutheran Church, the first Protestant congregation on the west coast of the Americas and the first Lutheran congregation on the entire Pacific Rim was founded in Sitka, Alaska by Finns, and other Lutherans who worked for Russian-American Company. From the start, in 1840-1865, three consecutive Finnish pastors served this pastorate: Uno Cygnaeus (1840-1845), Gabriel Plathán (1845-1852) and Georg Gustaf Winter (1852-1865). The Finns Aaron Sjöstrom and Otto Reinhold Rehn served as the parish organists/sextons during the same period.Scandinavian Immigration to Russian Alaska, 1800-1867. Author: Maria Jarlsdotter Enckell.
In 1841, under the governorship of Russian America by Finnish Arvid Adolf Etholén (1840-1845) (promoted to rear admiral in 1847), the Russian-American area of Fort Ross in Bodega Bay, California, was sold to Johann Sutter. On January 24, 1848, the first California gold was discovered on Sutter's land in Coloma, California, leading to the California Gold Rush, after news of this were spread abroad, mainly by the seamen serving for the Russian-American Company.
In 1850 and 1852, Johan Hampus Furuhjelm sailed to the U.S. West Coast. After he became the Chief Manager of Russian America (1858-1864), he put an end to the hostilities with the natives in Alaska. He also succeeded in abolishing the Alaskan Ice Treaty with San Francisco. According to a contract which had been signed, Russian America had to deliver a certain amount of ice to San Francisco at a fixed price. A problem was caused by the product melting down on the way to the warmer climates. The ice contract became a very awkward deal for the Finnish-Russian colony. Furuhjelm arranged for a new contract to sell ice to San Francisco: 3'000 tons at $25.00 a ton.
The Finnish Chief Managers of Russian America Etholén and Furuhjelm helped pave way for the American Alaska purchase, and the Finnish Sea Captain Gustave Niebaum as the Consul of Russia in San Francisco played a critical role in the final striking of the deal that made Alaska a part of the United States in 1867. As a legacy of their accomplishment, their names can still today be found on the map in several places on the U.S. West Coast. Etolin Island was named after Etholén (a.k.a. Etolin) by the United States in the wake of the Alaska Purchase of 1867. There is also Etolin Strait, as well as a cape, a point and a mountain named after Etholén.The Finns in America, Taru Spiegel, Reference Librarian. The Library of Congress.
Kalevala in San Francisco in 1861 - during the U.S. Civil War