New Worlds, New Lives: Globalization and People of Japanese Descent in the Americas and from Latin America in Japan () is a 2002 academic book edited by Lane Ryo Hirabayashi, James A. Hirabayashi, and Akemi Kikumura-Yano and published by the Stanford University Press. The volume, edited by three Japanese American anthropologists, was produced by the Japanese American National Museum's International Nikkei Research Project.Yamanaka, p. 1081. The same project produced the Encyclopedia of Japanese Descendants in the Americas: An Illustrated History of the Nikkei,Hu-Dehart, Evelyn (Brown University). "The Japanese in Latin America." (book review) Pacific Historical Review, ISSN 0030-8684, 05/2005, Volume 74, Issue 2, pp. 317 - 318. -- Cited page: 317. and the two books are companion volumes.Igarashi, p. 328. "(the present collection is conceived as a companion volume to Encyclopedia of Japanese Descendants in the Americas, another INRP publication)."
The book addresses larger theoretical considerations of individual empirical cases as well as the cases themselves.Igarashi, p. 326. The book was published in Japanese by in 2006,"Association for Immigration Studies (Imin Kenkyukai)" (Archive). Discover Nikkei. Japanese American National Museum. Retrieved on April 25, 2014. "The Japanese version of New Worlds, New Lives: Globalization and People of Japanese Descent in the Americas and from Latin America in Japan (Stanford University Press: 2002), an achievement of the International Nikkei Research Project, was also edited by the group and published by Jinbun-shoin in 2006." under the title Nikkeijin to gurōbarizēshon : Hokubei, Nanbei, Nihon (日系人とグローバリゼーション : 北米, 南米, 日本)."Nikkeijin to gurōbarizēshon : Hokubei, Nanbei, Nihon = New worlds, new lives : globalization and people of Japanese descent in the Americas and from Latin America in Japan / Rein Ryō Hirabayashi, Akemi Kikumura-Yano, Jeimuzu A. Hirabayashi hen; Imin Kenkyūkai yaku" (Archive). National Library of Australia. Retrieved on May 4, 2014.
Overview New Worlds, New Lives discusses the effects of globalization on a Nikkei identity,Takenaka, p. 250. concerning those from the main islands of Japan and those from Okinawa.Masterson, p. 530. This discussion of the Nikkei includes those from the Bolivia, Brazil, Canada, Paraguay, Peru and United States, and also the dekasegi, Nikkei who reside in Japan.Moya, p. 389. The editors state that to understand how globalization has affected the Nikkei community one must put together Japan, the originating country, and the overall Nikkei community in a "triadic perspective";Takenaka, p. 250-251. According to the book, the "triadic framework" means examining Japan, the host country, and the ethnic organizations that link the host country and Japan along with the reproduction and maintenance of Nikkei ethnic identities. Yoko Yoshida of the Journal of International Migration and Integration wrote that "The greatest insight one can glean from this book is that only looking at ethnic groups in relation to their host societies does not capture the entire dynamics of the migration experience and the negotiation of cultural identity."Yoshida, p. 447. Ayumi Takenaka of the University of Oxford argued that the book's chapters "neither address their relationship nor the impact of globalization."
The book considers five results that may occur due to globalization. It may increase the Nikkei identity; erode the Nikkei identity; have no visible impact on the said identity; reduce the prominence of the Nikkei identity by, as Yoshida states, creating "global consciousness"; or generate an indicator of a decreasing Nikkei identity by establishing new "hybrid" identities.Yoshida, p. 446. Yoshida wrote that the editors of the book "fail to answer fully which outcome has emerged because globalization is never consistently conceptualized throughout this book."
Of the chapters, half only cite their own case studies and do not cite anything else. Jose C. Moya of the University of California, Los Angeles argued that, in those chapters, this results in "a certain parochialism in their inability to engage the broader literature on migration and ethnicity." Keiko Yamanaka of the University of California, Berkeley wrote that before this book was published, there was scarce information about the Japanese in South America in English, and a lot of the information had been published in Spanish, Portuguese, and Japanese, inaccessible to Anglophones.Yamanaka, p. 1082.
Contents The volume, divided into 20 chapters, includes 18 articles. Of the eighteen authors, seventeen are either Japanese or Nikkei. The book's arguments are presented in the second and third sections. The question of conjunction and disjunction of Nikkei identities is presented in sections two and three. Yoshida argued that this was "an interesting way to frame these sections".
Yamanaka wrote that most chapters have general discussions on their topics and are short in length. Yoshikuni Igarashi of Vanderbilt University stated that the average chapter length was 16 pages, and because of the short length the essays "read more like encyclopedia entries than critical essays."Igarashi, p. 327. Takenaka argued that concluded that "most of the chapters seem to address some aspects of conjunction and disjunction of identities in one way or another" and that the chapters should have been organized by topic or geographic region. Igarashi wrote that the book had organized its nomenclature along country-based boundaries.
There are four chapters that discuss Peru. One chapter chronicle Japanese Peruvian history, covering from the year 1899 to the rule of Alberto Fujimori. Another chapter refers to one opinion poll of Peruvian Japanese conducted in 1989 and another conducted in 1998 and compares and contrasts the two.
There is an essay that discusses the Japanese political empowerment movements in three places: Brazil, Hawaii, and Gardena, California in Greater Los Angeles.
There is also a section where the book discusses the formation of cosmopolitan, hybrid, and transnational identities. Robert Efird of Seattle University stated that the essays by Yuko Takezawa and Makoto Araki examine the boundary of what a "Nikkei" is.Efird
Part One The first section is Part One: The Impact of Globalization on Nikkei Identities. It includes two chapters. Prior to those two chapters is the introduction to part one by Eiichiro Azuma.Hirabayashi, Kikumura-Yano, and Hirabayashi, p. ix. (Table of Contents, first page).
Harumi Befu wrote "Globalization as Human Dispersal: Nikkei in the World", the introductory chapter, which puts Japanese immigration in a historical context.Masterson, p. 531. "Doris Moromisato Miasato argues that women are virtually shut out of leadership roles in the most vital groups, such as the prefectural (kenjinkai) associations. She suggests that traditional patriarchical patterns in the Japanese-Peruvian community have submerged a complex and adaptive feminine perspective under the simplified term of Nikkei identity." This chapter is an overview of Japanese immigration from the 15th through the 21st centuries.Moya, p. 390. This chapter argues that the Japanese government encouraged immigration after 1870 in order to relieve pressures of a growing population and Befu believed that the Japanese government had acted in a callous manner towards these immigrants. Befu believes that the emigration policies of Japan had significant influence from the country's desire to gain a prominent position in the international system.
Befu categorizes into three phases the transition of Japanese immigration processes: pre-modern, modernization, and post-World War II. Befu categorizes Japanese immigrants into eight groups: pre-modern immigrants, pre-World War II immigrants, post-World War II immigrants, war brides, multinational businesspersons and their families, Japanese engaging in marriages to foreigners, and who Igarashi calls "those who have forsaken Japan".Igarashi, p. 327. Befu believes that examining the development of Nikkei communities in relation to the international economic and political structures is the best way of understanding them. Yoshida wrote that "Nevertheless, the rest of the book lacks a consistent and explicit engagement of this theme and the concept of globalization is used differently in the various works."
The second chapter in Part One is titled "The Impact of Contemporary Globalization on Nikkei Identities" and it is written by the volume's three editors.
Part Two Part two, titled "Conjunctions of Nikkei Identities," discusses the "conjunction" of a Nikkei identity, meaning maintaining and spreading the identity. Part 2 has eight chapters organized into two subparts: "Community Formations and Linkages" and "The Politics of Ethnic Reproduction: Education and Representation." The introduction to part two is written by Lloyd Inui.
In subpart one, Jeffrey Lesser wrote "In Search of the Hyphen: Nikkei and the Struggle over Brazilian National Identity." This chapter discusses the interaction between Brazilian nationalism and the identity politics of Brazil's immigrant groups. Lesser's chapter chronicles the Brazilian Japanese peoples' attempt to find a place in the world society as the dekasegi can be perceived as foreigners in both Japan and Brazil. The other articles in subpart one are "Licensed Agencies for Relief in Asia: Relief Materials and Nikkei Populations in the United States and Canada" by Masako Uno, "An Approach to the Formation of Nikkei Identity in Peru: Issei and Nisei" by Raúl Araki, and "The "Labor Pains" of Forging a Nikkei Community: A Study of the Santa Cruz Region in Bolivia" by Kozy Amemiya.Hirabayashi, Kikumura-Yano, and Hirabayashi, p. ix. (Table of Contents, second page). Amemiya's essay discusses efforts by the Japanese community in the Santa Cruz region to commemorate their history.
The articles in subpart two are ""The Twain Shall Meet" in the Nisei? Japanese Language Education and U.S.-Japan Relations, 1900-1940" by Teruko Kumei, "The Nikkei's Education in the Japanese Language in Paraguay: The Japanese Educational System and Its Influence on the Colonies" by Emi Kasamatsu, "Peruvian Nikkei: A Sociopolitical Portrait" by Amelia Morimoto, and "Pathways to Power: Comparative Perspectives on the Emergence of Nikkei Ethnic Political Traditions" by Lane Ryo Hirabayashi.
Yoshida wrote that "I found that most of the literature cited in the second section lacks a specific link to the theme of globalization and its effects."
Part Three The third part, titled, "Disjunctions of Nikkei Identities," discusses globalization-induced "disjunctions" of a Nikkei identity. This part, which has a total of nine chapters, is divided into three subparts: "Gender and Identity," "The Dekasegi Phenomenon," and "Emerging Identities." Richard Kosaki wrote the introduction to part three.