Sponge isolates

Lacking an immune system, protective shell, or mobility, sponges have developed an ability to synthesize a variety of unusual compounds for survival. C-nucleosides isolated from Caribbean Cryptotethya crypta, were the basis for the synthesis of zidovudine (AZT), aciclovir (Cyclovir), cytarabine (Depocyt), and cytarabine derivative gemcitabine (Gemzar).

Isolate Source Researched activity / Chemical description3-Alkylpyridinium (3-AP)Haploscleridahemolytic and cytotoxicAgosterol AanticancerAplyzanzine AAplysina sp.AvarolDysidea avaraantitumor, antimicrobial,Asian Journal of Chemistry; Vol. 26, No. 23 (2014), 8255-8256 and antiviralSagar, S.; Kaur, M.; Minneman, K. P. Antiviral Lead Compounds from Marine Sponges. Marine Drugs 2010, 8 (10), 2619–2638 Aciculitin Aciculites ciliate antifungal cyclic peptide Discodermin Discodermia kiiensis antimicrobial tetradecapeptideDysideninLamellodysidea herbaceahighly toxic Girolline Girolline inhibits protein synthesis Halichondrin B Halichondria okadai Kadota (Miura Peninsula) precursor to eribulin (Halaven) Halicylindramide Halichondria antifungal peptide Hymenamides Phakellia fusca proline-containing cyclopeptide Hymenistatin Phakellia fusca bio-active proline-containing cyclopeptide Hyrtinadine A Hyrtios bio-active bis-indole alkaloid Manzamines various sponge species bio-active β-carbolines Mirabamide Siliquariaspongia mirabilis antiviral depsipeptide Neamphamide A Neamphius huxleyi antiviral depsipeptideOnnamide ATheonella swinhoeicytotoxic, inhibits protein synthesis Peloruside A Mycale sp. (New Zealand) cytotoxic / structurally similar to bryostatin Phakellistatins Phakellia fusca proline-containing cyclopeptides Phoriospongin Phoriospongia and Callyspongia bilamellata nematocidal compound Plakevulin A Plakortis DNA polymerase inhibitor Plakoridine A Plakortis Polydiscamide B Ircinia the first example of a nonendogenous human SNSR (human sensory neuron-specific G protein couple receptor) agonist Ptilomycalin A Monanchora arbuscula antifungal spirocyclic guanidine alkaloid / laccase and melanization inhibitorSceptrinAgelas coniferaantibioticSuberedamineSuberea Theonellamide F Theonella antimicrobial/antifungal cytotoxic bicyclic dodecapeptide Topsentolides Topsentia cytotoxic oxylipinsXestoquinoneXestospongiaantimalarial, antifungal, and cytotoxic

Semisynthetic analogs of the sponge isolate jasplakinolide, were submitted to National Cancer Institute’s Biological Evaluation Committee in 2011.

Other marine isolates Trabectedin, aplidine, didemnin, were isolated from sea squirts. Monomethyl auristatin E is a derivative of a dolastatin 10, a compound made by Dolabella auricularia. Bryostatins were first isolated from Bryozoa.

Salinosporamides are derived from Salinispora tropica. Ziconotide is derived from the sea snail Conus magus.

Sponge isolates

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