Fungal isolates have been researched for decades. Because fungi often exist in thin mycelial monolayers, with no protective shell, immune system, and limited mobility, they have developed the ability to synthesize a variety of unusual compounds for survival. Researchers have discovered fungal isolates with anticancer, antimicrobial, immunomodulatory, and other bio-active properties. The first statins, β-Lactam antibiotics, as well as a few important antifungals, were discovered in fungi.
Chemotherapeutic isolates BMS manufactures paclitaxel using Penicillium and plant cell fermentation. Fungi can synthesize podophyllotoxin and camptothecin, precursors to etoposide, teniposide, topotecan, and irinotecan.
Lentinan, PSK, and PSP, are registered anticancer immunologic adjuvants. Irofulven and acylfulvene are anticancer derivatives of illudin S. Clavaric acid is a reversible farnesyltransferase inhibitor. Inonotus obliquus creates betulinic acid precursor betulin. Flammulina velutipes creates asparaginase. Plinabulin is a fungal isolate derivative currently being researched for anticancer applications.
Cholesterol inhibitors The statins lovastatin, mevastatin, and simvastatin precursor monacolin J, are fungal isolates. Additional fungal isolates that inhibit cholesterol are zaragozic acids, eritadenine, and nicotinamide riboside.
Immunosuppressants Ciclosporin, mycophenolic acid, mizoribine, FR901483, and gliotoxin, are immunosuppressant fungal isolates.
Antimicrobials Penicillin, cephalosporins, fusafungine, usnic acid, fusidic acid, fumagillin, brefeldin A, verrucarin A, alamethicin, are antibiotic fungal isolates. Antibiotics retapamulin, tiamulin, and valnemulin are derivatives of the fungal isolate pleuromutilin. Griseofulvin, echinocandins, strobilurin, azoxystrobin, caspofungin, micafungin, are fungal isolates with antifungal activity.
Psychotropic isolates The headache medications cafergot, dihydroergotamine, methysergide, methylergometrine, the dementia medications hydergine, nicergoline, the Parkinson's disease medications lisuride, bromocriptine, cabergoline, and pergolide were all derived from Claviceps isolates. Polyozellus multiplex synthesizes prolyl endopeptidase inhibitors polyozellin, thelephoric acid, and kynapcins. Boletus badius synthesizes L-theanine.
Other isolates
Researchers have discovered other interesting fungal isolates like the antihyperglycemic compounds ternatin, aspergillusol A, sclerotiorin, and antimalarial compounds codinaeopsin, efrapeptins, and antiamoebin. The fungal isolate ergothioneine is actively absorbed and concentrated by the human body via SLC22A4. Other notable fungal isolates include vitamin D1, vitamin D2, and vitamin D4.
Isolate Source Researched activity / Chemical description 9-Deacetoxyfumigaclavine C endophytic Aspergillus fumigatus potent, selective, anticancer activity comparable to doxorubicin (IC50 = 3.1 μM against K562) 14-Norpseurotin A Aspergillusantiparasitic/anticancer 3-O-Methylfunicone Penicillium pinophilum in vitro cancer stem cell inhibitor Anicequol Penicillium aurantiogriseum in vitro anchorage-independent cancer inhibitor Anomalin A sponge-derived Arthrinium angiogenesis inhibitor Antiamoebin Emericellopsis anti-microbial/protozoan polypeptide Arugosin C Aspergillus versicolor isolated from Red Sea green alga bio-active anthraquinone Aspergillides A-C marine Aspergillus ostianus anticancer/cytotoxic Aspergillusene "sea fan"-derived Aspergillus sydowii antioxidant sesquiterpene Aspergilone A "sea fan"-derived Aspergillus anticancer and antifouling activity Aspergillusol A marine Aspergillus alpha-glucosidase inhibitor Asperterrestide A marine Aspergillus terreus cytotoxic and antiviral cyclic tetrapeptide Asterric acid Antarctic Geomyces endothelin binding inhibitor Auranthine Penicillium antimicrobial Aurantiamine Penicillium aurantiogriseum valine and histidine derived diketopiperazine Aurantiomide sponge-derived Penicillium aurantiogriseum quinazoline alkaloid with cytotoxic/anticancer activity Berkeleydione fungal extremophile (Berkeley Pit, Montana) anticancer polyketide-terpenoid Berkeleytrione fungal extremophile (Berkeley Pit, Montana) anticancer polyketide-terpenoid Berkelic acid fungal extremophile (Berkeley Pit, Montana) spiroketal anticancer compound beta-Ergocryptine ergot dopaminergic ergot alkaloid Bisvertinolone Trichoderma anticancer Botryodiplodin Penicillium antibiotic mycotoxinBotryosphaeranBotryosphaeria rhodinafree-radical scavenging and antioxidant Brevianamide S marine Aspergillus versicolor antimicrobial dimeric diketopiperazine Brevicompanines D-H deep ocean sediment Penicillium lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced nitric oxide inhibitor Cephalosporolide marine Penicillium novel lactones Chaetoglobosin A Chaetomium anticancer Chaetoxanthone marine-derived Chaetomium bio-active xanthone Chanoclavine ergot dopamine agonist Chanoclavine II ergot Chetracins B Antarctic psychrophilic Oidiodendron truncatum in vitro anticancer (nanomolar) Chrysophanic acid antiviral/anticancer anthraquinoneChrysosporideSepedonium chrysospermum Citreorosein Penicillium antimicrobial polyketide Citrinolactone D marine-derived Penicillium citrinin derivative Citromycetin Australian Penicillium bio-active polyketide Citromycin Penicillium antibiotic Communesin B Mediterranean Axinella-derived Penicillium anticancer Costaclavin ergot Cryptoechinuline D mangrove rhizosphere soil-derived Aspergillus anticancer Curvularin Penicillium antimicrobialCycloprop-2-ene carboxylic acidRussula subnigricanscauses rhabdomyolysis Decumbenone C marine Aspergillus sulphureus anticancer Dehydroaltenusin Alternaria tenuis inhibitor of mammalian DNA polymerase α Dehydrocurvularin Penicillium antimicrobial Disydonols A-C marine Aspergillus anticancer Duclauxin Penicillium duclauxi anticancer Epicoccins Cordyceps-colonizing Epicoccum nigrum antiviral Epolactaene marine fungus antiinflammatory, inhibitory activity of DNA polymerases and DNA topoisomerase II, active synthetic analogs Epoxyagroclavine permafrost Penicillium ergot alkaloid Epoxyphomalins A-B marine Paraconiothyrium potent cytotoxics Ergosine ergot dopaminergic ergot alkaloid Ergostane mushrooms steroid Ergostine ergot alpha-adrenergic blocking, vasoconstrictive ergot alkaloid Eupenifeldin Eupenicillium brefeldianum antimicrobial cytotoxic bistropolone Evariquinone Emericella variecolor (derived from the marine sponge Haliclona) Fecosterol fungi and lichens steroid Fellutanine Penicillium bio-active diketopiperazine alkaloids Festuclavine Aspergillus fumigatus bio-active ergoline Fumigaclavine A endophytic Aspergillus bio-active ergoline Fumigaclavine B endophytic Aspergillus bio-active ergoline Fumigaclavine C endophytic Aspergillus bio-active ergoline Fumiquinazoline soft coral Sinularia-derived Aspergillus fumigatus cytotoxic/anticancer Fungisterol Cordyceps sinensis steroid Glionitrin A mine-dwelling Aspergillus fumigatus antibiotic-anticancer Glionitrin B Aspergillus fumigatus KMC-901 anticancer diketopiperazine Hymenosetin Hymenoscyphus pseudoalbidus antimicrobial (active against MRSA)IntegrasoneUnknown inhibits HIV-1 integrase enzymeHerath, K.; Jayasuriya, H.; Bills, G.; Polishook, J.; Dombrowski, A.; Guan, Z.; Felock, P.; Hazuda, D.; Singh, S. Isolation, Structure, Absolute Stereochemistry and HIV-1 Inhibitory Activity of Integrasone, a Novel Fungal Polyketide. J. Nat. Prod. 2004, 67, 872-874. Isoemericellin marine Emericella variecolor Leporizines A-C Aspergillus cytotoxic epithiodiketopiperazines Leptosphaerin marine Leptosphaeria oraemaris antifungal Lichesterol fungi and lichens steroid Luteoalbusins A-B deep sea Acrostalagmus luteoalbus anticancer indole diketopiperazines Luteusin A Talaromyces luteus monoamine oxidase inhibitor Malettinin Hypoxylon polyketide/antimicrobial Maximiscin Tolypocladium (Salcha, Alaska) anticancer polyketide-shikimate compound Meleagrin deep ocean Penicillium anticancer Methylenolactocin Penicillium anticancer Neoxaline Aspergillus japonicus antimitotic and antiplatelet Nigerapyrones A-E marine mangrove-derived, endophytic Aspergillus niger anticancer Nigrosporin B Nigrospora antimicrobial Nocapyrones E-G Nocardiopsis dassonvillei antimicrobial alpha-pyrones Notoamide marine Aspergillus bio-active prenylated indole alkaloid Oxaline Penicillium oxalicum and Aspergillus japonicus anticancer (tubulin polymerization inhibitor), O-methylated derivative of meleagrin Pencolide seaweed-derived endophytic fungi bio-active maleimide Penicitrinol J marine-derived Penicillium bio-active citrinin dimer Penicitrinol K marine-derived Penicillium bio-active citrinin derivative Penicitrinone E marine-derived Penicillium bio-active citrinin dimer Penochalasin A endophytic Chaetomium cytotoxic/anticancer cytochalasan-based alkaloid Penostatin A Penicillium cytotoxic metabolite Pestalamides A-C Pestalotiopsis theae antiviral and antifungal Petrosifungin sponge-derived Penicillium brevicompactum novel cyclodepsipeptide Phillyrin endophytic fungus (isolated from Forsythia) antiobesity Piscarinine Penicillium piscarium westling bio-active polycyclic diketopiperazine alkaloid Prenylterphenyllins marine Aspergillus candidus anticancer Protuboxepins A and B Aspergillus SF-5044 anticancer diketopiperazines Pseurotin A endophytic Aspergillus antiparasitic and anticancer Pyrenocine marine Penicillium paxilli antibiotic/antiinflammatory mycotoxin Questiomycin A Penicillium expansum antibiotic Quinocitrinine permafrost Penicillium quinoline alkaloid RES-1149-2 Aspergillus non-peptidic endothelin receptor antagonist Retigeric acid B Lobaria (lichen) anticancer Rubratoxin B Penicillium rubrum anticancer Rugulovasine Penicillium Sch 642305 Penicillium verrucosum and Rhizoctonia solani bacterial DNA primase inhibitor Sclerotides A-B Aspergillus sclerotiorum PT06-1 bio-active cyclic hexapeptides Secalonic acid marine fungi nootropic Shamixanthone Aspergillus bio-active prenylated xanthone Shearinine marine Penicillium janthinellum anticancer Siderin Aspergillus versicolor isolated from Red Sea green alga bio-active anthraquinone Sorbicillactone A sponge-derived fungus novel bio-active alkaloid Spiculisporic acid marine Aspergillus bioactive γ-butenolide Spiropreussione Preussia anticancer Stephacidin Aspergillus ochraceus WC76466 anticancer/cytotoxic Stromemycin marine Emericella C-glycosidic depside matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor Terpestacin endophytic fungus Drechslera ravenelii anticancer Terrestrols marine Penicillium terrestre cytotoxic/anticancer Terreulactone A Aspergillus terreus anti-acetylcholinesterase terpenoid Topopyrone C Phoma and Penicillium anticancer human topoisomerase I inhibitor Trachyspic acid Talaromyces trachyspermus heparanase inhibitor Trichodimerol Trichoderma bio-active pentacycle Ustusolates marine Aspergillus ustus anticancer Variecolactone Emericella purpurea mycelium immunomodulatory sesterterpene Variecolol Emericella aurantio-brunnea immunosuppressant/antiviral alkaloid Varixanthone marine Emericella variecolor antimicrobial Vermiculine Penicillium vermiculatum antibiotic Vermistatin fungal extremophile (Berkeley Pit, Montana) anticancer Vermixocin Penicillium vermiculatum cytotoxic metabolite Verrucosidin Penicillium verrucosum cytotoxic pyrone-type polyketide Verrulactone A Penicillium antimicrobial alternariol Versicolamide B marine Aspergillus a paraherquamide-stephacidin Viscumamide mangrove-derived endophytic fungi cyclic peptide Yaequinolone J1 Penicillium sp. FKI-2140 antibiotic
See also
References
External links Bioprospecting for Microbial Endophytes and Their Natural Products – 2003