José Luis Zamanillo González-Camino (1903–1980) was a Spanish Traditionalist politician. He was the leader of Carlist paramilitary Requeté structures during the Republic and a champion of Carlist collaborationist policy during mid-Francoism, though in the 1940s he maintained a firm anti-regime stand. He was also a representative of the post-Francoist hard core in the course of early transition to parliamentary democracy. He served in the parliament in two strings of 1933-1936 and 1961–1976; in 1961-1976 he was also a member of the Francoist Consejo Nacional. In 1972-1976 he was a member of Consejo de Estado.
Family and youth
José Luis' paternal ancestors originated from Biscay; the great-grandfather was a pharmacist.Julián Sanz Hoya, De la resistencia a la reacción: las derechas frente a la Segunda República (Cantabria, 1931-1936), Santander 2006, , p. 139 His son Gregorio Zamanillo del Campo also ran a pharmacy, first in the Biscay CarrantzaZamanillo entry, [in:] Euskelnet service, available here and later in the Cantabrian Laredo.La Discussión 06.03.66, available here Politically he sympathized with Carlism, though after the 1888 Integrist breakup he followed the secessionists.El Siglo Futuro 25.04.83, available here Gregorio was married twice;first with Ramona Rada Ribas and then to Joaquina Monreal y Rivas, Zamanillo entry, [in:] Euskelnet service José Luis' father, José Zamanillo Monreal (1866-1920),Zamanillo Monreal, José entry, [in:] EscritoresCantabricos service, available here; see also his obituary in El Siglo Futuro 09.06.21, available here was born out of the second marriage. He also became a pharmacist and owned a business in Santander; like his predecessor, he also developed Integrist sympathies. At the turn of the centuries he emerged as a recognized local Traditionalist activist; he co-organized Centro Católico Montañés, the Integrist outpost in Cantabria, co-founded urban and rural Catholic trade unions,the urban one was Círculo Obrero de San José, the rural one was Sindicatos Agrícolas Montañeses, Zamanillo Monreal, José entry, [in:] EscritoresCantabricos service and became president of La Propaganda Católica de Santander, a publishing house issuing El Diario Montañés, a militantly anti-liberal daily affiliated with the Santander bishopry.Zamanillo Monreal, José entry, [in:] EscritoresCantabricos service President of the Integrist Junta Provincialin 1918, El Siglo Futuro 20.04.18, available here and member of the regional Castilla La Vieja executive,in 1906, El Siglo Futuro 27.08.06, available here in 1909-11 he served as concejal in the Santander ayuntamiento and in 1915 briefly as diputado provincial.Zamanillo Monreal, José entry, [in:] EscritoresCantabricos service
Zamanillo Monreal married María González-Camino y Velasco,Zamanillo y González-Camino, Matilde entry, [in:] EscritoresCantabricos service, available here. Her father was Nicolas Gonález-Camino y García de la Concha (1819-1894), her mother was María Conepción de Velasco y Villanueva, José Zamanillo y Monreal + María González Camino y Velasco entry, [in:] Enredo service, available here descendant to a bourgeoisie family originating from Esles de Cayón. It was founded by an enriched indiano, Francisco González-Camino, and has traditionally remained in the first row of business, politics and culture in the region, holding stakes in companies from banking, insurance, industry, railways, electrify, utilities and other businesses.the companies they held stakes in were Nueva Montaña, Banco Mercantil, Nueva Argentifera, Santanderina de Navegación, Abastecedora de Aguas de Santander, Electra de Besaya, Compañia de Vapores Esles, Seguros La Alianza, Minas de Heras and Ferrocariles del Cantábrico y Santander-Ontaneda, Aurora Garrido, Favor e indiferencia. Caciquismo y vida política en Cantabria, Santander 1998, , pp. 374-375, Consuelo Soldevilla Oria, Cantabria y América, Madrid 1992, , pp. 265-266 José and María settled in Santander and had 6 children;José Zamanillo y Monreal + María González Camino y Velasco entry, [in:] Enredo service they were brought up "en un hogar español cristiano y montañes", learning "to prey to God and to love Spain"Francisco Javier Caspistegui Gorasurreta, El naufragio de las ortodoxias. El carlismo, 1962–1977, Pamplona 1997, , p. 139 and with a sense of local Cantabrian pride.Caspistegui Gorasurreta 1997, p. 162 José Luis was born as the second oldest son.José Zamanillo y Monreal + María González Camino y Velasco entry, [in:] Enredo service His older brother Nicolás followed in the footsteps of 3 generations and also became a pharmacist,El Siglo Futuro 25.03.25, available here his younger brother Gregorio became a physician.Julio Aróstegui, Combatientes Requetés en la Guerra Civil española, 1936-1939, Madrid 2013, , p. 636 Two of his sisters tried their hand in letters, MatildeMatilde was a poet who published a number of volumes: Huellas en el tiempo, Diafanidad, Símbolos y figuras de nuestra historia, Ya tocan a Navidad, Laudes marianas, Así es España, Tríptico de sonetos and Frutos de soledad, Zamanillo y González-Camino, Matilde entry, [in:] EscritoresCantabricos service more successful than María;there is only one work identified, Maria Zamanillo, Mella, Guíon de España. Pensamientos escogidos de sus obras completas, San Sebastian 1939 all were active in Traditionalism.brothers as requeté volunteers and sisters as propagandists, Sanz Hoya 2006, p. 139
Little is known about education of José Luis; at one point he left family home to join the Jesuit college of the Biscay Orduña, where he obtained bachillerato.Eduardo Casariego (ed.), El tradicionalismo español. Su história, su ideario, sus hombres, San Sebastián 1934 [unnumbered page between pages 88 and 89] Then he commenced law studies and one source claims he graduated at Deusto;ABC 27.09.75, available here date of his graduation is not known, normally it would have fallen on the mid-1920s. He commenced law career in his native Santander; details are not clear, except that in 1930 he already practiced on his own handling civil casesBoletín Oficial de Provincia de Santander 23.05.30, available here and in 1931 was referred to as "joven abogado".Julián Sanz Hoya, La construcción de la dictadura franquista en Cantabria: Instituciones, personal político y apoyos sociales (1937-1951), Santander 2009, , p. 84 In 1931El Siglo Futuro 15.06. 31, available here José Luis married Luisa Urquiza y Castillo (1905-2002);ABC 22.10.02, available here none of the sources consulted provides any information on her family. The couple settled in Santander and had 12 children; 2 of them died in infancy.compare the obituaries in ABC 23.12.80, available here and in ABC 22.10.02, available here None of them grew to prominence, though some were active Traditionalists.Sanz Hoya 2009, p. 87; Maria Luisa Zamanillo (died 2022) sided with the faction of Don Sixto, see María Luisa Zamanillo, in memoriam, [in:] PeriodicoLaEsperanza service 19.06.22, available here The best-known relative of José Luis is his older cousin, Marcial Solana González-Camino; an Integrist Cortes deputy in 1916, he made his name in the 1920s and 1930s as Traditionalist philosopher and author.compare Antonio de los Bueis Güemes, Marcial Solana. Una vida en la tradición, Santander 2015,
Cortes deputy and paramilitary leader (1931-1936)
José Luis engaged in unspecified Integrist activity already during last years of the monarchy.El Siglo Futuro 28.05.30, available here; at the same time he underwent an appendicitis surgery, El Siglo Futuro 26.05.30, available here When in late 1931 the party commenced re-integration into Carlism, the three Zamanillo brothers followed suitEl Siglo Futuro 08.09.31, available here and joined the united Comunión Tradicionalista.Eduardo González Calleja, Contrarrevolucionarios: radicalización violenta de las derechas durante la Segunda República, 1931 – 1936, Madrid 2011, , p. 199 It seems that José Luis remained in the shadow of Nicolás, who led Juventud Integrista,El Siglo Futuro 25.03.25, available here was noted as public speaker in 1932El Siglo Futuro 18.07.32, available here and grew to head of Juventud Tradicionalista in Santander.El Siglo Futuro 27.06.32, available here During the run-up to the 1933 elections it seemed that Nicolás would emerge at the forefront,El Siglo Futuro 20.09.33, available here but in unclear circumstances it turned out that José Luis represented the Carlists on the joint Santander list of Unión de Derechas Agrarias.Sanz Hoya 2009, p. 81 He was comfortably electedsee Zamanillo's 1931 data on the official Cortes service, available here and somewhat unexpectedly he emerged among 20-odd Carlist deputies, most distinguished figures of the Comunión, and one of the few representing a new generation.Martin Blinkhorn, Carlism and Crisis in Spain 1931-1939, Cambridge 2008, , p. 123 Zamanillo's rise was so startling that to acknowledge it, editors celebrating 100 years of CarlismNicolas is mentioned as contributing to a luxury album to be issued on the centenary of Carlism in 1933 while there is no say about José Luis, El Siglo Futuro 01.11.33, available here had to hastily amend their publications.compare Eduardo Casariego (ed.), El tradicionalismo español. Su história, su ideario, sus hombres, San Sebastián 1934; the page featuring Zamanillo looks like a hastily prepared last-minute insert between pages 88 and 89