List of Earth flybys is a list of cases where spacecraft incidentally performed Earth flybys, typically for a gravity assist to another body.
Missions Spacecraft Organization Date Type Closest Approach Status Notes Image Ref Giotto(first pass) ESA 2 July 1990 flyby 22,730 km success first ever Earth flyby, en route to Comet Grigg-Skjellerup Galileo(first pass) NASA 8 December 1990 flyby 960 km success gravity assist en route to Jupiter; minimum distance 960 km Sakigake(first pass) ISAS 8 January 1992 flyby 88,790 km success previously visited Halley's comet Suisei ISAS 20 August 1992 flyby failure failure previously visited Halley's comet; hydrazine depleted, further planned comet flybys abandoned Galileo(second pass) NASA 8 December 1992 flyby 303 km success gravity assist en route to Jupiter Sakigake(second and third passes) ISAS 14 June 1993 flyby 28 October 1994 flyby out of fuel; telemetry contact lost November 1995 NEAR Shoemaker NASA 23 January 1998 flyby 540 km success gravity assist en route to Eros Nozomi(first pass) ISAS 20 December 1998 flyby 1,000 km partial success gravity assist on planned mission to Mars; valve malfunction during flyby required extra burn, which later forced alternate trajectory plan Giotto(second pass) ESA 1 July 1999 flyby failure n/a already defunct Cassini NASA ESA ASI 18 August 1999 flyby 1,171 km success gravity assist en route to Saturn Stardust(first pass) NASA 15 January 2001 flyby 6,000 km success gravity assist en route to comet 81P/Wild Nozomi(second pass) ISAS December 2002 flyby 11,000 km success gravity assist en route to Mars Nozomi(third pass) ISAS 19 June 2003 flyby 1,000 km success gravity assist en route to Mars Hayabusa ISAS 19 May 2004 flyby 20,000 km success en route to Itokawa Rosetta(first pass) ESA 4 March 2005 flyby 1,950 km success gravity assist en route to asteroid and comet encounters MESSENGER NASA 2 August 2005 flyby 2,348 km success en route to Venus and Mercury Stardust(second pass) NASA 15 January 2006 flyby success drop-off of sample return capsule Rosetta(second pass) ESA 13 November 2007 flyby 5,300 km success gravity assist en route to asteroid and comet encounters Deep Impact (redesignated EPOXI) (first pass) NASA 31 December 2007 flyby 15,567 km success previously visited Comet 9P/Tempel; gravity assist en route to encounter with Comet 103P/Hartley Deep Impact (redesignated EPOXI) (second pass) NASA December 2008 flyby 43,450 km success gravity assist Stardust(third pass) NASA 14 January 2009 flyby 9,200 km success mission extension to Comet 9P/Tempel; minimum distance 9200 km Rosetta(third pass) ESA 13 November 2009 flyby 2,500 km success gravity assist en route to asteroid and comet encounters Deep Impact (redesignated EPOXI) (third pass) NASA June 2009 distant flyby 1,330,000 km success Deep Impact (redesignated EPOXI) (fourth pass) NASA December 2009 distant flyby 1,320,000 km success Deep Impact (redesignated EPOXI) (fifth pass) NASA June 2010 flyby 36,900 km success Juno NASA 9 October 2013 flyby 559 km success gravity assist en route to Jupiter Hayabusa2(first pass) JAXA 3 December 2015 flyby 1,350 km success gravity assist en route to Asteroid 162173 Ryugu PROCYON University of Tokyo JAXA 3 December 2015 flyby success was en route to Asteroid 2000 DP107 but mission abandoned Shin'en 2 Kyutech 4 December 2015 flyby success OSIRIS-REx NASA 22 September 2017 flyby 17,237 km success Gravity assist en route to Asteroid 101955 Bennu BepiColombo ESA JAXA 10 April 2020 flyby 12,700 km success Gravity assist en route to Venus and Mercury Hayabusa2(second pass) JAXA 5 December 2020 flyby 290 km success gravity assist en route to Asteroid 98943 Torifune Chang'e 5 Orbiter CNSA 17 December 2020 flyby 5,000 km success Release the sample return capsule； Gravity assist en route to Sun-Earth Solar Orbiter ESA 26 November 2021 flyby 455 km success Gravity assist en route to inclined heliocentric orbit Lucy NASA 16 October 2022 flyby 360 km success main-belt asteroid flyby en route to Jupiter Trojans OSIRIS-APEX NASA 24 September 2023 flyby 779 km success Gravity assist en route to Asteroid 99942 Apophis (OSIRIS-REx mission extension) Chang'e 6 Orbiter CNSA 25 June 2024 flyby 5,000 km success Release the sample return capsule； Gravity assist en route to Sun-Earth OSIRIS-APEX NASA 23 September 2025 flyby 3,442 km success Gravity assist en route to Asteroid 99942 Apophis (OSIRIS-REx mission extension) OSIRIS-APEX NASA 17 March 2027 flyby 4,146 km en route Gravity assist en route to Asteroid 99942 Apophis (OSIRIS-REx mission extension) Tianwen-2 Orbiter CNSA 29 November 2027 flyby 17,000 km en route Gravity assist en route to P/2013 P5 OSIRIS-APEX NASA 13 April 2029 flyby 1,153 km en route Gravity assist en route to Asteroid 99942 Apophis (OSIRIS-REx mission extension)
See also List of Solar System probes Gravity assist Planetary flyby Mars flyby
References