2-2-2

Under the Whyte notation for the classification of steam locomotives, 2-2-2 represents the wheel arrangement of two leading wheels on one axle, two powered driving wheels on one axle, and two trailing wheels on one axle. The wheel arrangement both provided more stability and enabled a larger firebox than the earlier 0-2-2 and 2-2-0 types. This wheel arrangement is sometimes described as a Single, although this name could be used to describe any kind of locomotive with a single pair of driving wheels.

Equivalent classifications Other equivalent classifications are: UIC classification: 1A1 (also known as German classification and Italian classification) French classification: 111 Turkish classification: 13 Swiss classification: 1/3

History The 2-2-2 configuration appears to have been developed by Robert Stephenson & Company in 1834, as an enlargement of their 2-2-0 Planet configuration, offering more stability and a larger firebox. The new type became known as Stephenson's Patentee locomotive.Hamilton Ellis, The pictorial encyclopaedia of railways, Hamlyn, 1968, p. 37. Adler, the first successful locomotive to operate in Germany, was a Patentee supplied by Robert Stephenson & Company in component form in December, 1835 was one of the earliest examples. Other examples were exported to the Netherlands, Russia and Italy.Ellis, The pictorial encyclopaedia of railways, p.37. By 1838 the 2-2-2 had become the standard passenger design by Robert Stephenson & Company.Science Museum, The British Railway Locomotive 1803–1853, H.M.S.O, 1958, p. 13.

Eighteen of the first nineteen locomotives ordered by Isambard Kingdom Brunel for the opening of the Great Western Railway in 1837/8 were of the 2-2-2 type. These included six 2-2-2 locomotives built by Charles Tayleur at his Vulcan Foundry. Also in 1837 the successful North Star broad gauge locomotive was delivered to the Great Western Railway by Stephenson, becoming the first of a class of twelve locomotives by 1841.

Later UK developments Sharp, Roberts & Company constructed more than 600 2-2-2 locomotives between 1837 and 1857. Ten of these supplied to the Grand Junction Railway became the basis of Alexander Allan's successful designs for the railway from 1845 (the first of which, formerly named Columbine, is preserved). John Rennie supplied 2-2-2 locomotives to the London and Croydon Railway from 1838 and the London and Brighton Railway in 1840.D.L. Bradley, Locomotives of the London Brighton and South Coast Railway, Part 1, Railway Correspondence & Travel Society, 1969, p. 36. Arend ("eagle") was one of the two first steam locomotives in the Netherlands, built by R. B. Longridge and Company of Bedlington, Northumberland in 1839.

The Great Western Railway continued to order both broad gauge and standard gauge locomotives on the railway, including the Firefly and Sun classes (1840–42), which were enlarged versions of North Star. Bury, Curtis and Kennedy supplied six 2-2-2 locomotives to the Bristol and Gloucester Railway in 1844, and fourteen to the Great Southern and Western Railway in Ireland in 1848, (the last of these has been preserved at Cork Kent railway station.

The Jenny Lind locomotive, designed by David Joy and built in 1847 for the London, Brighton and South Coast Railway by the E. B. Wilson and Company of Leeds, became the basis of hundreds of similar passenger locomotives built during the 1840s and 1850s by this and other manufacturers for UK railways. The London and North Western Railway Cornwall locomotive was designed at Crewe Works as a 4-2-2 by Francis Trevithick in 1847, but was rebuilt as a 2-2-2 in 1858.

Although by the 1860s the 2-2-2 configuration was beginning to be superseded by the 2-4-0 type with better adhesion, the invention of steam sanding gave 2-2-2 singles a new lease of life, and they continued to be built until the 1890s. Notable late examples include William Stroudley's singles of 1874–1880, William Dean's 157 class of 1878–79, and his 3001 class (1891–92), both for the Great Western Railway. James Holden of the Great Eastern Railway created some 2-2-2 singles in 1889 by removing the coupling rod from a 2-4-0.

Belgium

The first steam railway locomotive built in Belgium in 1835, and was built by John Cockerill under license to a design by Robert Stephenson & Company It was built for use on the first main line on the European mainland, the Brussels-Mechelen line. A replica was built at the workshops of Boissellerie Cognaut for the 150th anniversary of the formation of Belgium. Brussels-Mechelen line

Italy Two 2-2-2 locomotives were imported from Longridge and Co of Bedlington Ironworks England for the Naples–Portici railway in 1839 named Bayard and Vesuvio. A replica of 'Bayard is at the Naples Railway Museum.

Germany Most of the earliest locomotives to operate in what is now Germany before the mid-1840s were 2-2-2s delivered by UK manufacturers. However, by 1839 the type was also being built locally see List of Bavarian locomotives and railbuses. The Pegasus of 1839 was the first locomotive to be built by the Sächsische Maschinenbau-Compagnie in Chemnitz. August Borsig and Company manufactured Beuth in 1843 which was highly successful; its valve design became de facto standard for locomotives for decades to come.Christopher Chant, 'The World's Railways, Regency House Publishing (2001)1552671607 By 1846 he had manufactured more than a hundred similar locomotives. Both the Leipzig-Dresden Railway and Royal Bavarian State Railways (Königlich Bayerische Staatsbahn) built several 2-2-2 classes 1841–1859. Similarly, the Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg Friedrich-Franz Railway grouped various 2-2-2 steam locomotives procured from German manufacturers between 1848 and 1863 into its Mecklenburg I class.

Austria The Imperial Austrian State Railways (kaiserlich-königliche österreichische Staatsbahnen or kkStB) built two successful locomotives of this wheel arrangement in 1907. Similarly the Federal Railway of Austria (BBÖ) built two examples of an express tank locomotive in 1934 and 1937.

Latvia One of last 2-2-2 tank locomotives were ordered by Latvian Railways, for local traffic. The locomotives Tk class were designed by German Hohenzollern, and 20 were manufactured in Germany and Latvia in 1928–1934. They were next seized by Soviet railways. After World War II one served in Poland as OKa1 class.Altbergs, Toms. The Latvian Tk tanks, "Locomotives International" No.101, p. 54-56

Preserved examples and replicas ImageLocationAddressRailroadRoad number/Namebuilder Year(s) builtNotesNuremberg Transport MuseumNuremberg, Germany,Bavarian Ludwig RailwayAdlerDeutsche Reichsbahn repair works 1935the serviceable Replica of AdlerNuremberg Transport MuseumNuremberg, Germany,Bavarian Ludwig RailwayAdlerAusbesserungswerk in Munich-Freimann1952a non-serviceable replica of AdlerMuseum of the Great Western RailwaySwindon, EnglandGreat Western RailwayNorth StarGreat Western Railway Swindon Works1923replica of North Star original built in 1837. North Star was originally going to be preserved but was scrapped as recently as 1906 Railway Museum (Netherlands)Utrecht, NetherlandsHollandsche IJzeren Spoorweg-MaatschappijDe ArendCentral Workshop in Zwolle1938replica of Arend original built in 1839.Danish Railway MuseumOdense, DenmarkDet Sjællandske JernbaneselskabOdinDanish Railway Museum (constructed at Roskilde roundhouse2005-2018replica of Odin original built in 1846National Railway MuseumYork, EnglandLondon and North Western RailwayNo.1868 ColumbineLNWR Crewe Works 1845National Railway MuseumYork, EnglandLondon and North Western RailwayNo.3020 CornwallLNWR Crewe Works 1847Cork Kent StationCork IrelandGreat Southern and Western RailwayGS&WR Bury No. 36Bury, Curtis and Kennedy1847the oldest Steam locomotive in IrelandNational Museum of American HistoryWashington, D.C. United StatesCumberland Valley RailroadNo.13 PioneerSeth Wilmarth1851was on lown to the National Museum of Railroad History & InnovationNational Rail Museum, New DelhiChanakyapuri, New Delhi IndiaEast Indian Railway CompanyNo.22Kitson and Company1855It still operates for them today, making it the oldest operating steam locomotive in the world in regular service.Strasshof Railway MuseumStrasshof an der Nordbahn Lower AustriaAustrian Federal RailwaysÖBB 69.02Lokomotivfabrik Floridsdorf1937National Railway Museum (Portugal)Entroncamento, PortugalPortuguese Railway CompanyCP No.1 (D.Luiz)Beyer, Peacock & Company1862 for the Portuguese Royal Train. Currently is under major restoration at Entroncamento yard together with the Royal Train wagons.Warsaw Railway MuseumWarsaw, PolandPolish State RailwaysOKa1-1Friedrich Krupp AG Hoesch-Krupp1931 Canadian Railway MuseumSaint-Constant, Quebec, CanadaChamplain and St. Lawrence RailroadJohn MolsonKawasaki Heavy Industries1970original built in 1848.National Museum of TransportationSt. Louis, Missouri, United StatesPhiladelphia & Reading Coal & Iron Co.Black DiamondBaldwin Locomotive Works1889

2-2-2

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