20th century (1901–2000) (1318 AH – 1421 AH) 1901: Abd al-Aziz Ibn Saud captures Riyadh. 1902: Birth of Ruhollah Khomeini, The leader of Iranian revolution and the founder of Islamic Republic of Iran. 1903: Birth of Syed Abul Ala Maududi (Founder of Jamaat-e-Islami). 1905: The beginning of the Salafiyyah movement in Paris with its main sphere of influence in Egypt. 1906: Hassan al-Banna, founder of the Muslim Brotherhood born in Egypt. 1906: All-India Muslim League was established in Dacca, Bengal. It would later lead the Pakistan Movement. 1906: Uprising of merchants and clergy leads Shah Mozaffar ad-Din Shah Qajar to relent to demands for reform, which lead to the Constitution of 1906, providing for a limited male franchise and a National Consultative Assembly which convened that year. 1907: The beginning of the Young Turks movement in Turkey. 1908: Constitutional monarchy (2.phase) in Ottoman Empire (Turkey) 1909: Armenian Christians suffer a genocide in Adana Vilayet, Turkey at the hands of the Young Turk government under the Ottoman Empire. 15,000–30,000 were killed.Akcam, Taner. A Shameful Act. 2006, page 69–70: "fifteen to twenty thousand Armenians were killed"Century of Genocide: Eyewitness Accounts and Critical Views By Samuel. Totten, William S. Parsons, Israel W. Charny 1911: War of Tripolli between Ottoman Empire and Italy. Treaty of Ouchy (1912). 1912: Sarekat Islam cooperative founded in Indonesia, part of the Muhammadiyah reform movement. 1912: Balkan wars. The coalition of four Balkan countries defeat Ottoman Empire (Turkey). 1912: Treaty of Fez makes Morocco a French and Spanish protectorate, triggering the Fez riots. 1913: Mohammad Ali Jinnah joined All India Muslim League. 1913: Putsch by the Committee of Union and Progress ("CUP") faction of the Young Turks, known as the Raid on the Sublime Porte, results in resignation of Grand Vizier. In control of the government, CUP withdraws from the London Peace Conference and moves the empire close to Germany in the approach to war. 1913: Bulgarians were massacred by the Young Turk government under the Ottoman Empire. 50,000–60,000 Thracian Bulgarians were murdered, which was around 20% of the Bulgarian population in Thrace at that time. Most of the villages with a Bulgarian population were destroyed and the survivors expelled from their places of origin.Carnegie (1914). Report of the international commission to inquire into the causes and conduct of the Balkan Wars. Washington, DC: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. pp. 123–135. 1914: Under Ottoman rule, secret Arab nationalist societies are formed. World War I begins. The Ottoman Empire enters the war allied with Germany. 1914-1918: Ottoman Empire carries out genocides of several communities, such as Assyrian Christians.Alexander Laban Hinton, Thomas La Pointe, Douglas Irvin-Erickson. Hidden Genocides: Power, Knowledge, Memory. pp 117. Rutgers University Press, . 200,000 to 275,000 were killed.Travis, Hannibal. 'Native Christians Massacred: The Ottoman Genocide of the Assyrians During World War I. Genocide Studies and Prevention, Vol. 1, No. 3, December 2006, pp. 327–371.(French) Yacoub, Joseph. La question assyro-chaldéenne, les Puissances européennes et la SDN (1908–1938), 4 vol., thèse Lyon, 1985, p. 156. About half of the Assyrian population in the Ottoman Empire perished.Jones, Adam (2010). Genocide: A Comprehensive Introduction. "The Assyrian Genocide." Routledge. . 1914: Egypt becomes a British protectorate. 1915: Ottoman Empire defeats Allies in Çanakkale (Dardanalles). 1916: By the Sykes–Picot Agreement Britain and France plan post-war division of their post-war spheres of influence following the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire. 1916: Arab Revolt against Ottoman rule in Hijaz, Palestine and Syria. Lawrence of Arabia leads attacks on the Hejaz Railway. 1916: Muslims and Hindus join together in Lucknow Pact seeking more self-rule in India and other reforms from the British government. 1917: Britain issues the Balfour Declaration pledging British support for the creation of a Jewish national homeland. 1918: Birth of Gamal Abdel Nasser. 1918: Tripolitanian Republic declares independence from Italian Libya and becomes the first republican government in the Arab world. 1918: After losing virtually their entire empire, the Ottomans capitulate on October 19 and sign the Armistice of Mudros with the Allies on October 30. World War I ends on November 11. Syria becomes a French protectorate. 1919-1923: Turkish War of Independence. 1919: The first revolution in Egypt led by Saad Zaghlul against British occupation. 1919: After the Third Anglo-Afghan War ended with the signing of the Treaty of Rawalpindi, King Amanullah Khan declared Afghanistan a sovereign and fully independent state. 1920: Ottoman Sultan Mehmed VI signs the Treaty of Sèvres, reducing the Empire to a fraction of its previous size and allowing for the indefinite presence of Allied forces in Turkey. The treaty is rejected by nationalist leaders, who vow to block its implementation. 1920: Emirate of Bukhara and Khanate of Khiva conquered by Bolshevik Russia. 1920: Armenia first defeated by the Turkish nationalists then the Soviets. 1920: Short-lived Hashemite Kingdom of Syria establish, which surrendered to French forces after the Battle of Maysalun. 1921: Abdullah I of Jordan is made King of Transjordan. His father was the Sharif of Mecca. Faisal I of Iraq is made King of Iraq. His father was the Sharif of Mecca. 1921: Abd al-Karim leads a revolt against colonial rule in Moroccan Rif, and declares the "Republic of the Rif". 1921: Death of Alahazrat Molana Ahmad Raza Khan Barelvi. 1921: Treaty of Kars between Soviet Russia and Turkey. 1921: Reza Khan Pahlavi stages largely bloodless coup in Persia. 1922: Armistice of Mudanya. Turkish nationalists under the leadership of Mustafa Kemal seize control of Turkey and abolish the Ottoman Sultanate, prompting Sultan Mehmed VI to flee Turkey; the 600‑year‑old Ottoman Empire officially ceases to exist. 1922: Egypt unilaterally granted independence by the United Kingdom. 1923: Mustafa Kemal secures Allied recognition of Turkey's independence in the Treaty of Lausanne and subsequently declares the Republic of Turkey. Ankara officially replaces Constantinople as Turkish capital. 1923: Albanian Mussulmans' Congress breaks with caliphate and reforms Islam in Albania by suppressing polygamy and the compulsory veiling of women. 1924: The Turkish Grand National Assembly abolishes the Ottoman Caliphate and sends the remaining members of the Ottoman House into exile in a move that begins the extensive de-Islamization of the public sphere in Turkey. Hussain bin Ali declared himself Caliph and established the Sharifian Caliphate. 1924: King Abd al-Aziz Ibn Saud conquers Mecca and Medina, leading to the unification of the Kingdoms of Najd and Hejaz. 1925: Reza Khan seizes the government in Persia and establishes the Pahlavi dynasty. 1925: The Great Syrian Revolt breaks out across the various statelets of Syrian and Lebanon against French rule, which ultimately was put down by force in 1927. 1926: Abd al-Aziz Ibn Saud assumes title of King of Najd and Hejaz. 1926: Lebanon proclaimed a parliamentary republic under French protectorate. 1927: Death of Zaghlul, an Egyptian nationalist leader. 1928: Turkey is declared a secular state. 1928: Hasan al-Banna founds the Muslim Brotherhood, a Pan-Islamic movement dedicated to social, political, and moral reform in Egypt. The movement would later spread to other Arab nations and to Pakistan. 1929: Militant conflicts between Palestinians parties and Jewish settlers in Jerusalem over access to the Wailing Wall. 1931: A General Islam Conference held in Jerusalem over the Zionism question with delegates from North Africa, Egypt, the Arabian Peninsula and Mesopotamia issues first Pan Arabic resolution. 1932: Iraq granted independence by League of Nations. 1932–41: Ma Bufang and his Chinese Muslim soldiers massacre Tibetans in Qinghai Province. The motive was ethnic cleansing of Tibetans and destruction of their culture, resulting in thousands of casualties.Rab-brtan-rdo-rje (Ñag-roṅ-pa.) (translated by Jamyang Norbu) (1979). Horseman in the snow: the story of Aten, an old Khampa warrior. Information Office, Central Tibetan Secretariat. p. 134.Jamyang Norbu (1986). Warriors of Tibet: the story of Aten, and the Khampas' fight for the freedom of their country. Wisdom Publications. p. gbooks says 46, (the actual paper says 146). .Hsaio-ting Lin (1 January 2011). Tibet and Nationalist China's Frontier: Intrigues and Ethnopolitics, 1928-49. UBC Press. p. 113. .David S. G. Goodman (2004). China's campaign to "Open up the West": national, provincial, and local perspectives. Cambridge University Press. p. 72. .Bulag, Uradyn Erden (2002). Dilemmas The Mongols at China's edge: history and the politics of national unity. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 54. . 1934: War between King Abd al-Aziz Ibn Saud and Imam Yahya of the Yemen. Peace treaty of Taif. Asir becomes part of Saudi Arabia. 1935: Iran ("Land of the Aryans") becomes the official name of Persia. 1936: Increased Jewish immigration leads to the Arab revolt in Palestine. The demonstrations turned violent in 1937 and met with violent repression from the British Army. 1937 Birth of Sami-ul-Haq He was known as the Father of Taliban. 1938: Mustafa Kemal Atatürk died.İsmet İnönü second president of Turkey. 1939: Parliament of ex France protectorate Republic of Hatay decides to join Turkey 1939: Start of World War II. 1940 Lahore Resolution is passed by the All-India Muslim League at Lahore, Punjab — formally resolving to favor an independent Muslim state in South Asia and beginning the Pakistan Movement. 1941: British and Russian forces invade Iran and Reza Shah is forced to abdicate in favor of his son Mohammad Reza Shah. 1941: Sayyid Abul Ala Maududi founds Jamaat-e-Islami, the Muslim Brotherhood's South Asian counterpart. 1942: Birth of M. Fetullah Gulen, the founder of Hizmet Movement of Turkey. 1945: End of World War II. Indonesia declares independence from the Netherlands. New leader Sukarno decides not to implement sharia law nationwide. 1945: League of Arab States formed at meeting in Cairo. 1946: Jordan, Lebanon, and Syria are granted independence from Britain and France. 1947: British India gains independence from Britain, and results in the establishment of the dominions of India and Pakistan. Pakistan is created from the region's Muslim-majority areas under the leadership of Muhammad Ali Jinnah. Disputes over the status of Kashmir leads to the first Indo-Pakistani War; Kashmir is divided between India and Pakistan. 1948: Arab countries attack the new state of Israel and suffer defeat in war with Israel. Hundreds of thousands of Palestinians are displaced, Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah dies in Karachi. 1949: Hasan al-Banna, leader of the Muslim Brotherhood, is assassinated by Egyptian security forces. 1949: Second East Turkestan Republic overthrown and re-incorporated into Xinjiang. 1951: Libya becomes independent. 1952: King Faruq of Egypt forced to abdicate by the free officers led by Gamal Abdel Nasser. 1953: Backed by American and British intelligence agencies, General Zahedi leads a coup against Mohammed Mossadegh, returning the Shah to power. Death of King Abd al-Aziz Ibn Saud of Saudi Arabia. The foundation stone is laid to enlarge the Prophet's mosque in Medina. Hizb ut-Tahrir founded 1954: Algerian War of Independence begins. Gamal Abdel Nasser bans the Muslim Brotherhood 1956: Morocco becomes independent. Tunisia becomes independent. Tripartite Aggression in Egypt caused by nationalization of the Suez Canal. Pakistan becomes a republic.