Sesbania rostrata is a small semi-aquatic leguminous tree, in the genus Sesbania.Capoen, W., Oldroyd, G., Goormachtig, S., & Holsters, M. (2010). Sesbania rostrata: a case study of natural variation in legume nodulation. New Phytologist, 186(2), 340-345. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2009.03124.x.Cook, B.G., Pengelly, B.C., Brown, S.D., Donnelly, J.L., Eagles, D.A., Franco, M.A., Hanson, J., Mullen, B.F., Partridge, I.J., Peters, M., & Schultze-Kraft, R. (2005). Tropical Forages: an interactive selection tool. Retrieved from http://www.tropicalforages.info/key/Forages/Media/Html/Sesbania_rostrata.htm (Date accessed: November 19, 2013). It forms a symbiotic relationship with Gram-negative rhizobia which leads to the formation of nitrogen fixing nodules on both stem and roots.CABI. (2013). Sesbania Rostrata. In: Forestry Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. Retrieved from www.cabi.org/fc. (Date accessed: November 17, 2013).Capoen, W., Oldroyd, G., Goormachtig, S., & Holsters, M. (2010). Sesbania rostrata: a case study of natural variation in legume nodulation. New Phytologist, 186(2), 340–345. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2009.03124.x. It is mainly used as green manure to improve soil fertility due to its fast growth, high biomass production and ability to convert large amounts of atmospheric nitrogen into a usable form for plants.CABI. (2013). Sesbania Rostrata. In: Forestry Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. Retrieved from www.cabi.org/fc. (Date accessed: November 17m 2013).Orwa C, Mutua A, Kindt R, Jamnadass R, & Simons A. (2009b). Agroforestry Database:a tree reference and selection guide version 4.0. Retrieved from www.worldagroforestry.org/treedb2/AFTPDFS/Carica_papaya.pdf (Date accessed: November 15, 2013).Kwesiga, F. R., Franzel, S., Place, F., Phiri, D., & Simwanza, C. P. (1999). Sesbania sesban improved fallows in eastern Zambia: Their inception, development and farmer enthusiasm. Agroforestry Systems, 47(1-3), 49–66. doi: 10.1023/A:1006256323647. Other applications include production of high quality forage for livestock and it is a source of fuel-wood.Date, R. A. (1970). Microbiological problems in the inoculation and nodulation of legumes. Plant and Soil, 32(1), 703-725. doi: 10.1007/BF01372901.7. Onim, J. M., & Dzowela, B. H. (1988). "The distribution of Sesbania species in the PANESA region". International Livestock Research Institute. Retrieved from (Date accessed: November 15, 2013).
Description
Sesbania rostrata is a woody, erect, robust, annual or short-lived perennial of about 1 to 3 m tall. The stem is covered with soft hairs and is 15 mm thick. Leaves are 7 to 25 cm long and paripinnate with 12 to 22 pairs of leaflets. Racemes contain 3 to 15 flowers on a rachis, and flowers are yellow. Pods are curved 15 to 22 cm long, and seeds are small, sub-cylindrical, and light to dark brown in colour.Cook, B.G., Pengelly, B.C., Brown, S.D., Donnelly, J.L., Eagles, D.A., Franco, M.A., Hanson, J., Mullen, B.F., Partridge, I.J., Peters, M., & Schultze-Kraft, R. (2005). Tropical Forages: an interactive selection tool. Retrieved from http://www.tropicalforages.info/key/Forages/Media/Html/Sesbania_rostrata.htm (Date accessed: November 19, 2013).Orwa C, Mutua A, Kindt R, Jamnadass R., & Simons A. (2009a) Agroforestree Database: a tree reference and selection guide version 4.0. World Agroforestry Database. Retrieved from http://www.worldagroforestry.org/treedb2/AFTPDFS/Sesbania_rostrata.pdf (Date accessed: November 17, 2013). Common names India: jantar, manila agathi, new dhaincha Nepal: girkhe dhaichaa Thailand: sano African
Sesbania rostrata is notable for its ability to perform "double nodulation": it forms both root nodules and stem nodules. The latter are actually nodules formed on adventitious roots derived from the stems. This ability is widespread among Aeschynomene and Sesbania.
History and geography
S. rostrata is native to the Sahel region of Africa and grows naturally throughout the tropics in marshes, floodplains, and edges of pools. It has also been found in open savannah.Capoen, W., Oldroyd, G., Goormachtig, S., & Holsters, M. (2010). Sesbania rostrata: a case study of natural variation in legume nodulation. New Phytologist, 186(2), 340-345. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2009.03124.x.CABI. (2013). Sesbania Rostrata. In: Forestry Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. Retrieved from www.cabi.org/fc. (Date accessed: November 17m 2013).Orwa C, Mutua A, Kindt R, Jamnadass R., & Simons A. (2009a) Agroforestree Database: a tree reference and selection guide version 4.0. World Agroforestry Database. Retrieved from http://www.worldagroforestry.org/treedb2/AFTPDFS/Sesbania_rostrata.pdf (Date accessed: November 17, 2013). It was first discovered in Senegal, and its use as a green manure in wet rice cultivation caused special interest at the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), in the Philippines.CABI. (2013). Sesbania Rostrata. In: Forestry Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. Retrieved from www.cabi.org/fc. (Date accessed: November 17m 2013). S. rostrata was then introduced into Asia and it has been used as a green manure for lowland rice systems in several countries in the region.Nair, P. R. (1993). An introduction to agroforestry. ICRAF. Retrieved from http://www.worldagroforestry.org/units/library/books/PDFs/32_An_introduction_to_agroforestry.pdf?n=161 (Date accessed: December 5, 2013).
Growing conditions
S. rostrata can be propagated vegetatively (from stem-cuttings or ratooning) or from seed. It takes 50 to 60 days to grow. Plants propagated from cuttings grow 2 to 2.5 times faster than seeded plants in the first 42 days. S. rostrata grows naturally in waterlogged and alluvial soils. It tolerates freely drained, poorly drained, and flooded soils with moderate fertility, though it does not grow well in heavy clay soils. S. rostrata tolerates a pH down to 4.3 to slightly alkaline, but nitrogen-fixation is reduced in acidic conditions. It is adapted to low and moderate salinity but seed germination and growth decreases as salinity concentration increases. The ideal water requirement is 600–1000 mm rainfall. It is a tropical plant with an optimal temperature of 25 °C.Cook, B.G., Pengelly, B.C., Brown, S.D., Donnelly, J.L., Eagles, D.A., Franco, M.A., Hanson, J., Mullen, B.F., Partridge, I.J., Peters, M., & Schultze-Kraft, R. (2005). Tropical Forages: an interactive selection tool. Retrieved from http://www.tropicalforages.info/key/Forages/Media/Html/Sesbania_rostrata.htm (Date accessed: November 19, 2013). The addition of lime in highly acidic soils and phosphorus in soils with low fertility improves growth and nitrogen fixation of S. rostrata. It fixes large amounts of nitrogen in only 6–8 weeks if the appropriate strain of Azorhizobium caulinodans is present in the soil. S. rostrata is a short-day plant with a day length of 12–12.5 hrs. During shorter day lengths it flowers earlier, however, when day lengths are longer than 12 hrs, then it flowers later. Its use as a green manure is limited to that part of the year with longer day lengths because during this period vegetative growth is extended and more biomass is produced.Cook, B.G., Pengelly, B.C., Brown, S.D., Donnelly, J.L., Eagles, D.A., Franco, M.A., Hanson, J., Mullen, B.F., Partridge, I.J., Peters, M., & Schultze-Kraft, R. (2005). Tropical Forages: an interactive selection tool. Retrieved from http://www.tropicalforages.info/key/Forages/Media/Html/Sesbania_rostrata.htm (Date accessed: November 19, 2013).
Other farming issues
Seeding vs. vegetative propagation
S. rostrata has seeds with a hard seed coat which prevents or delays germination.Taylor, G. B. (2005). Hardseededness in Mediterranean annual pasture legumes in Australia: a review. Crop and Pasture Science, 56(7), 645-661. https://dx.doi.org/10.1071/AR04284.Cook, B.G., Pengelly, B.C., Brown, S.D., Donnelly, J.L., Eagles, D.A., Franco, M.A., Hanson, J., Mullen, B.F., Partridge, I.J., Peters, M., & Schultze-Kraft, R. (2005). Tropical Forages: an interactive selection tool. Retrieved from http://www.tropicalforages.info/key/Forages/Media/Html/Sesbania_rostrata.htm (Date accessed: November 19, 2013).Pittenger, D. R. (2002). California master gardener handbook. University of California Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources, ANR Publications. . To break this dormancy it requires scarification, which can be done by different methods: physical abrasion of the seed coat, soaking the seeds in hot water or in concentrated sulphuric acid.Cook, B.G., Pengelly, B.C., Brown, S.D., Donnelly, J.L., Eagles, D.A., Franco, M.A., Hanson, J., Mullen, B.F., Partridge, I.J., Peters, M., & Schultze-Kraft, R. (2005). Tropical Forages: an interactive selection tool. Retrieved from http://www.tropicalforages.info/key/Forages/Media/Html/Sesbania_rostrata.htm (Date accessed: November 19, 2013).Becker, M., Ladha, J. K., Watanabe, I., & Ottow, J. C. G. (1988). Seeding vs. vegetative propagations of the stem-nodulating green manure Sesbania rostrata. Biology and Fertility of Soils, 6(4), 279-281. doi: 10.1007/BF00261012. Other disadvantages include the small size of the seeds, which makes handling challenging for farmers, the high seeding rates, and the need for proper irrigation and a fine even seedbed during the first week after seeding. Seeds are in short supply and vary in quality. A more practical alternative to seeding is vegetative propagation by ratooning and stem-cutting. Both ratooning and stem-cuttings yield more biomass, accumulate more nitrogen, and grow faster than seeded plants.Becker, M., Ladha, J. K., Watanabe, I., & Ottow, J. C. G. (1988). Seeding vs. vegetative propagations of the stem-nodulating green manure Sesbania rostrata. Biology and Fertility of Soils, 6(4), 279-281. doi: 10.1007/BF00261012.
Companion species
S. rostrata is used as an intercrop with grasses such as rice (Oryza sativa) and maize (Zea mays), as well as with legumes such as rice bean (Vigna umbellata) and jointvetch (Aeschynomene afraspera). If intercropped with rice, it should be planted 30 days after the rice to prevent competition between the crops.Cook, B.G., Pengelly, B.C., Brown, S.D., Donnelly, J.L., Eagles, D.A., Franco, M.A., Hanson, J., Mullen, B.F., Partridge, I.J., Peters, M., & Schultze-Kraft, R. (2005). Tropical Forages: an interactive selection tool. Retrieved from http://www.tropicalforages.info/key/Forages/Media/Html/Sesbania_rostrata.htm (Date accessed: November 19, 2013).
Stress tolerance
S. rostrata grows in altitudes up to 1500–1600 m, and is able to endure waterlogged soils and flooding over 1 m deep. It tolerates bimodal and summer rainfall patterns, heavy to medium clay soils, neutral pH, free and impeded soil drainage.CABI. (2013). Sesbania Rostrata. In: Forestry Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. Retrieved from www.cabi.org/fc. (Date accessed: November 17m 2013).
Major weeds, pests and diseases
Diseases