Alice Mary Longfellow (September 22, 1850 – December 7, 1928) was an American philanthropist, preservationist, and the eldest surviving daughter of poet Henry Wadsworth Longfellow. She is referred to as "grave Alice" in her father's poem "The Children's Hour".
Longfellow was born in Cambridge, Massachusetts, and attended classes at Radcliffe College during the 1880s and 1890s, studying at Newnham College in Cambridge, England, from 1883 to 1884.Cambridge, Massachusetts. Longfellow House – Washington's Headquarters National Historic Site, Alice Mary Longfellow Papers Collection, Box 19, Folder 8. Journal for academic year at Newnham 1883–4. She traveled frequently throughout her life, spending the majority of her time abroad in France and Italy. She met Benito Mussolini in 1927.
Alice Longfellow never married but spent several decades of her life in an intimate relationship with Frances "Fanny" Coolidge Stone, daughter of Eben F. Stone.
Longfellow died in Cambridge in 1928 in the same house where she was born.
Longfellow worked to preserve her father's home in Cambridge, now Longfellow House–Washington's Headquarters National Historic Site. She served as the Massachusetts Vice-regent of the Mount Vernon Ladies' Association and held administrative positions at Radcliffe College throughout her life. She donated significantly to multiple causes dealing with historic preservation, education, and humanitarianism, including the Audubon Society, the Tuskegee Institute, and the American Fund for French Wounded during World War I.
Early life
Alice Longfellow was born on September 22, 1850, at "half past six" in the morning, "with the setting of the moon and the rising of the sun! and all the splendors of the dawn!"Hilen, Vol. III, 270 to Henry Wadsworth Longfellow and Frances "Fanny" Elizabeth Appleton Longfellow, the daughter of Nathan Appleton, the Boston industrialist, and Maria Gold Appleton.
Longfellow was christened on George Washington's birthday at which "she behaved beautifully."Wagenknecht, 175-6 Her parents made this date choice intentionally because of Longfellow's birth in Washington's former headquarters.
Her mother Fanny wrote of the baby Alice: "It is a great laughter and has a very expressive little face already, with dark blue eyes and an inclination to look like Henry, I think."Wagenknecht, 174–5
Longfellow led a privileged childhood growing up in an affluent Cambridge family home. Her mother records of young Alice that, "She likes to take up a book & read stories & says more cunning things than can be remembered"Cambridge, Massachusetts. Longfellow House – Washington's Headquarters National Historic Site, Frances Elizabeth Appleton Longfellow Papers, Box 9, Chronicles of the Children II 1849–1858, 64–7 and that "she is an impetuous little woman full of character & originality."Cambridge, Massachusetts. Longfellow House – Washington's Headquarters National Historic Site, Frances Elizabeth Appleton Longfellow Papers, Box 9, Chronicles of the Children II 1849–1858, 67–8 Longfellow learned very quickly in her private lessons with her governess or at private schools such as Miss C. S. Lyman's School, and later Professor Williston's School,Wagenknecht, 210. Fanny writes of Alice in September 1857 that she "is the best and brightest of little girls, a great pet of her papa's." and by the age of ten her mother wrote that Alice was "so wise she is quite a companion for me."Wagenknecht, 234. Letter dated February 12, 1861.
After the death of her mother in 1861, Longfellow took on something of a caretaker role to her two younger sisters, which arguably solidified her "graveness" as described in her father's 1859 poem. One of her best friends growing up was Harriet "Hattie" SpelmanMore information on Hattie can be found here . who would later go on to marry Longfellow's brother, Ernest.Hilen, Vol. III, 201 As an example of the lifestyle Longfellow had growing up, there is a letter exchange between Henry and Alice Longfellow about Alice's "basket carriage", or horse and buggy, that Henry had given her. The letter recounts that Longfellow drove it recklessly and crashed into a post, scaring herself and the horse nearly to death.Hilen, Vol. IV, 334
In 1863 when she was just 12 years old Longfellow took her first trip to Maine. She went with her uncle Thomas Gold Appleton on his yacht that was named The Alice after her. This was the beginning of her long life of travel.Hilen, Vol. IV, 348–9 By the time she was about 14, Henry Longfellow was already referring to his daughter Alice as "my darling runaway" as she was always gone on vacations.Hilen, Vol. IV, 426–7
Longfellow's first European tour was from May 23, 1868, to September 1, 1869, when she went with her family in celebration of Erny and Hattie's recent wedding. Longfellow would have been 18 years old during most of the trip. The family members on the trip were Longfellow's father, her maternal aunts and Uncle Samuel Longfellow, her Uncle Tom Appleton, her siblings and new sister-in-law, and the family governess Hannah Davie. They visited England, Scotland, France, Switzerland, Austria, Belgium, Germany, and Italy.Hilen, Vol. V, 201–2
When Longfellow turned 21 years old, her father gave her the share of her mother's estate that had been willed to her, totaling $131,755.45, which would allow Longfellow financial independence for the rest of her life.Hilen, Vol. V, 317Gale, Robert L. A Henry Wadsworth Longfellow Companion. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 2003: 140. .
Philanthropic career
Longfellow led a career, from the time she was about 28 years old in 1879 until her death 50 years later, that was focused on the preservation of American antiquities, promoting educational opportunities for disenfranchised groups, and supporting the Allied forces during World War I.
Radcliffe College
In January 1879 Longfellow joined The Society for the Collegiate Instruction of Women, a committee of seven women, of which she was the youngest at just 28 years old.Howells, 3. This group worked to establish the Harvard Annex for women to have classes taught by Harvard professors. Longfellow was the treasurer of the Annex from 1883 to 1891, a special student from 1879 to 1881 and 1884 to 1890, and a member of the governing board in various capacities until her death in 1928.Howells, 5. The institution later became known as Radcliffe College, now part of Harvard University.
Longfellow held several early commencement ceremonies for Radcliffe in the Longfellow House library, as well as regular Memorial Day parties that included tea in the formal garden. She shared her love of travel by creating a traveling fellowship for Radcliffe graduates. She donated books and supplies for the institution's first library and enlisted her cousin Alexander to design several of its first buildings and, in 1899, paid for him to redesign Fay House, the first building owned by the young college.Bunting, Bainbridge (completed and edited by Margaret Henderson Floyd). Harvard: An Architectural History. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1985: 130. When Harvard officially acquired the organization in 1893, President Charles William Eliot considered naming it Longfellow College after the poet but his daughter, who sat on the founding committee, refused and suggested they should find another namesake who had been more committed to the education of women.Bunting, Bainbridge (completed and edited by Margaret Henderson Floyd). Harvard: An Architectural History. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1985: 128.
She continued her legacy by donating money for Longfellow Hall, built in 1930, and currently used for the Harvard Graduate School of Education.Howells, 33 Longfellow was well loved by the Radcliffe community. In 1905 a tribute program was held for her on her 55th birthday with a poem of praise by Alice Stone Blackwell, the daughter of women's rights activist Lucy Stone, and the presentation of a loving cup.Cambridge, Massachusetts. Longfellow House – Washington's Headquarters National Historic Site, Alice Mary Longfellow Papers Collection, Box 4, Folder 6, Tribute programs, 22 September 1905.
Mount Vernon Ladies' Association
Longfellow's love of Washington was likely sparked by growing up in Washington's first headquarters and with the influence of her father and his poetry, such as "To A Child,"The poem can be viewed in its entirety here . which references the significance of Washington's presence in the Longfellow household. By the age of 28 she had already become involved with the Mount Vernon Ladies' Association, the group that works to preserve George Washington's home in Virginia, Mount Vernon,McLeod, 36 for which she would serve as the Massachusetts vice-regent for 48 years from 1880 to her death in 1928.McLeod, 50–1 Her record service still stands unmatched today.
Longfellow became so involved with the Association that she personally bought numerous rare books such as Meditations and Contemplations, complete with George Washington's mother's signature inside it, to reconstruct Washington's collection that had dispersed after his death. Her crowning achievement was when, in 1904, she bought Washington's secretary bookcase with her own money to put in its rightful place in his study, the room which she had a particular interest in preserving.
World War I aid
Longfellow was active during World War I in providing aid to the Allies. She donated to the American Fund for French Wounded in 1919,Cambridge, Massachusetts. Longfellow House – Washington's Headquarters National Historic Site, Alice Mary Longfellow Papers Collection, Box 1, Folder 22. the American Ambulance Hospital in Paris from 1915 to 1916,Cambridge, Massachusetts. Longfellow House – Washington's Headquarters National Historic Site, Alice Mary Longfellow Papers Collection, Box 2, Folder 7. the Layette Fund from 1915 to 1919,Cambridge, Massachusetts. Longfellow House – Washington's Headquarters National Historic Site, Alice Mary Longfellow Papers Collection, Box 3, Folder 1. the Serbian Hospital Fund in 1917,Cambridge, Massachusetts. Longfellow House – Washington's Headquarters National Historic Site, Alice Mary Longfellow Papers Collection, Box 3, Folder 4. the American Memorial Hospital at Rheims from 1919 to 1928,Cambridge, Massachusetts. Longfellow House – Washington's Headquarters National Historic Site, Alice Mary Longfellow Papers Collection, Box 2, Folder 9. the American Ouvrior Funds from 1918 to 1928,Cambridge, Massachusetts. Longfellow House – Washington's Headquarters National Historic Site, Alice Mary Longfellow Papers Collection, Box 2, Folder 10. and the American Committee for War Relief in Florence in 1916.Cambridge, Massachusetts. Longfellow House – Washington's Headquarters National Historic Site, Alice Mary Longfellow Papers Collection, Box 2, Folder 5. Longfellow also corresponded with the Paris-based Committee for Men Blinded in Battle.Cambridge, Massachusetts. Longfellow House – Washington's Headquarters National Historic Site, Alice Mary Longfellow Papers Collection, Series II (Correspondence), A&B (incoming and outgoing correspondence)More information about the Committee can be found here
In 1915, Longfellow donated enough to the American Ambulance Field Service to have Ambulance No. 88 named in her honor. The ambulance saw service in France and Belgium from 1915 to the summer of 1917, when it was at first deemed as irreparable.Cambridge, Massachusetts. Longfellow House – Washington's Headquarters National Historic Site Collection, LONG 4787. Cambridge, Massachusetts. Longfellow House – Washington's Headquarters National Historic Site, Alice Mary Longfellow Papers Collection, Box 2, Folder 6. The car survived, however, and is on display at the Owls Head Transportation Museum, where it is kept in running condition.1913 Rolls-Royce Tourer , Owls Head Transportation Museum, accessed July 10, 2018