List of Chinese treaty ports

In the 19th and early 20th century, these were the treaty ports in China.

I. Northern ports Port Treaty Open Date Closed Date Chinese PopulationNiuzhuang, in the imperial Shengjing province, in Manchuria in accordance with the British Treaty of Tientsin, 1858; custom office opened 9 May 1864; 74,000 Qinhuangdao, in Zhili province, also in Manchuria in accordance with an imperial decree, 31 March 1898 opened 15 December 1901 5,000 Tianjin, also in Zhili in accordance with the British and French Peking Conventions, 1860 opened May, 1861 750,000 Yantai, in Shandong in accordance with British and French Treaty of Tientsin, 1858; opened March, 1862 100,000 Jiaozhou, also in Shandong German Convention 6 March 1898 opened 1 July 1899.

II. Yangtze River ports Port Treaty Open Date Closed Date Chinese Population Chongqing, in Sichuan province opened November 1890 702,000Yichang, in Hubei in accordance with Chefoo Convention, 1876 opened 1 April 1877 50,000Shashi, also in Hubei Treaty of Shimonoseki, 1895 opened 1 October 1876 C85,000 Changsha, in Hunan opened 1 July 1904 230,000Yuezhou, also in Hunan imperial decree of 31 March 1898 opened 13 November 1899 20,000 Hankou, also in Hubei provincial regulations, 1861 opened January 1862 530,000 Jiujiang, in Jiangxi same regulations opened January 1862 36,000Wuhu, in Anhui Chefoo Convention, 1876 opened 1 April 1877 123,000 Nanjing, in Jiangsu French Treaty of Tientsin, 1858 opened 1 May 1899 261,000 Zhenjiang, also in Jiangsu British Treaty, 1858 opened April, 1861 170,000

III. Central ports

Port Treaty Open Date Closed Date Chinese Population Shanghai, in Jiangsu province Treaty of Nanking, 1842 opened officially 17 November 1843 651,000Suzhou, also in Jiangsu Treaty of Shimonoseki opened 26 September 1896 500,000 Hangzhou, in Zhejiang Shimonoseki Treaty opened 26 September 1896 350,000 Ningbo, in Zhejiang Shimonoseki Treaty opened 26 September 1896 500,000 Wenzhou, also in Zhejiang Chefoo Convention, 1876 opened April, 1877 80,000

IV. South Coast ports Port Treaty Open Date Closed Date Chinese Population, in Fujian province imperial decree of 31 March 1898 opened 1 May 1899 8000Fuzhou, also in Fujian Nan-king Treaty, 1842 opened July, 1861 624,000Amoy, also in Fujian Nan-king Treaty 1842; opened April, 1862 114,000Guangzhou (Canton), in Guangdong province Nanking Treaty, 1842 opened October 1859 900,000Kowloon, also in Guangdong; opened April, 1887 Lappa, again in Guangdong opened 27 June 1871 Kongmoon, in Guangdong opened 7 March 1904; 55,000Sanshui, also in Guangdong Anglo-Chinese Convention, 4 February 1897 opened 4 June 1897 5000Shantou, also in Guangdong (customs house on Mayu Island) English, French, and American Treaty of Tientsin, 1858 opened January 1860; 65,000Wu-chou, in Kwang-si province same convention opened 4 June 1897; 59,000Kiung-chou (Hoy-hou), on Hainan Island in GuangdongFrench, and English Treaties of Tientsin, 1858opened April, 1876 38,000Pak-hoi, also in Guangdong Chefoo Convention, 1876 opened April, 1877; 20,000

V. Frontier ports Port Treaty Open Date Closed Date PopulationLongzhou, in Guangxi province French Treaty, 25 June 1887 opened 1 June 1899 12,000Mengzi, in Yunnan French Treaty, 1887 opened 30 April 1889 15,000Simao, also in Yunnan French Convention, 1895; British, 1896 opened 2 January 1897 15,000Tengyue, also in Yunnan Convention of 4 February 1897 opened 8 May 1902; 10,000Yadong, in (?) Tibet opened 1 May 1894 Nanning, also in Guangxi opened by imperial decree, 3 February 1899, but had not (yet?) a customs office. According to the customs statistics, 6,917,000 Chinese inhabited the treaty ports in 1906. The foreign population included 1837 firms and 38,597 persons, mainly Europeans (British 9356, French 2189, German 1939, Portuguese 3184, Italians 786, Spaniards 389, Belgians 297, Austrians 236, Russians 273, Danes 209, Dutch 225, Norwegians 185, Swedes 135), Americans 3447, Brazilians 16, Japanese 15,548, Koreans 47, subjects of non-treaty powers 236.

List of Chinese treaty ports

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