The following is a list of the major events in the history of German idealism, along with related historical events.

Events

Background 1623 Jakob Böhme, The Way to Christ (see: Behmenism) 1641 René Descartes, Meditations on First Philosophy (see: Rationalism, Cartesianism) 1677 Spinoza, Ethica Ordine Geometrico Demonstrata (see: Spinozism, Philosophy of Spinoza) 1686 Leibniz, Discourse on Metaphysics 1687 Newton, Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica ("Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy") 1690 Locke, An Essay Concerning Human Understanding (see: British Empiricism) 1710 Berkeley, Three Dialogues between Hylas and Philonous (see: Subjective idealism) 1732 Wolff, Elementa matheseos universae (influenced Kant) 1748 Hume, An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding 1759 Hamann, Socratic Memorabilia (see: Counter-Enlightenment) 1762 Rousseau, Emile, or On Education (see: Age of Enlightenment) 1767 Mendelssohn, Phaedon (important source for Kant's view of Plato)

1770–1800 1770 Kant, inaugural dissertation 1781 Kant, Critique of Pure Reason (see: Transcendental idealism) Death of Lessing 1783 Kant, Prolegomena to Any Future Metaphysics 1784 Kant, "Idea for a Universal History with a Cosmopolitan Purpose" (November) and "Answering the Question: What Is Enlightenment?" (December) 1785 Jacobi, Letters on the Teachings of Spinoza Work including unauthorized publication of Goethe's poem "Prometheus" (see: Pantheism controversy, Sturm und Drang) Kant, Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals 1786 Reinhold, Letters on the Kantian Philosophy 1787 Second edition of Kant's Critique of Pure Reason Jacobi, David Hume on Faith, or Idealism and Realism Goethe, Iphigenia in Tauris (see: Weimar Classicism) 1788 Kant, Critique of Practical Reason 1789 French Revolution begins Second, expanded edition of Jacobi's Letters on the Teachings of Spinoza 1790 Kant, Critique of Judgment Maimon, Essay on Transcendental Philosophy Goethe, Metamorphosis of Plants 1792 Fichte, Attempt at a Critique of All Revelation Schulze, Aenesidemus 1793 Kant, Religion within the Limits of Reason Alone 1794 Fichte, Aenesidemus Review and Foundations of the Science of Knowledge 1795 Schiller, On the Aesthetic Education of Man 1797 Fichte, Foundations of Natural Right Kant, Metaphysics of Morals "The Oldest Systematic Program of German Idealism" (unsigned and unpublished essay written by Hegel, Schelling, and/or Hölderlin) Schelling, Ideas for a Philosophy of Nature (see: Naturphilosophie) 1798 Schelling, On the World Soul 1799 Napoleon overthrows the French Directory Jacobi, Letter to Fichte (see: Atheism dispute) Schleiermacher, On Religion (see: German Romanticism, Hermeneutics) Schelling, First Plan of a System of the Philosophy of Nature

1800–1830 1800 Schelling, System of Transcendental Idealism Fichte, The Vocation of Man 1801 Hegel, The Difference Between Fichte's and Schelling's Systems of Philosophy 1804 Death of Kant 1807 Hegel, The Phenomenology of Spirit (see: Absolute idealism) 1808 Goethe, Faust: The First Part of the Tragedy 1809 Schelling, Philosophical Inquiries into the Essence of Human Freedom 1810 Goethe, Theory of Colours 1811 Jacobi, Of Divine Things and Their Revelation (criticized Schelling) 1812 Hegel, Science of Logic part one ('The Objective Logic', part 1) 1813 Hegel, Science of Logic part two ('The Objective Logic', part 2) 1814 Death of Fichte Defeat of Napoleon; Bourbon Restoration 1815 Schelling, On the Divinities of Samothrace (see: Winged Victory of Samothrace) 1816 Hegel, Science of Logic part three ('The Subjective Logic') 1817 Hegel, Encyclopedia of the Philosophical Sciences Coleridge, Biographia Literaria (discusses Kant, Fichte, Schelling in English) 1818 Schopenhauer, The World as Will and Representation 1820 Hegel, Elements of the Philosophy of Right 1825 Herbart, Psychology as Science

1830s–1860s 1830 Revolutions of 1830 1831 Death of Hegel 1832 Goethe, Faust: The Second Part of the Tragedy Death of Goethe 1833 Karl Daub, The Dogmatic Theology of the Present Time (see: Right Hegelians) 1834 Carlyle, Sartor Resartus (English novel which parodied German idealism) Schelling's first public critique of Hegel is published in an introduction to a work by Victor CousinThe Grounding of Positive Philosophy: The Berlin Lectures by F. W. J. Schelling Translated and with an Introduction and Notes, State University of New York Press 1835 Strauss, The Life of Jesus (see: Young Hegelians) Heine, On the History of Religion and Philosophy in Germany Hegel's posthumously published Lectures on Aesthetics 1837 Schopenhauer, On the Basis of Morality Hegel's Lectures on the Philosophy of History 1839 Schopenhauer, On the Freedom of the Will 1841 Schelling's Berlin lectures are attended by Søren Kierkegaard, Mikhail Bakunin, Jacob Burckhardt, Alexander von Humboldt, and Friedrich Engels Kierkegaard, On the Concept of Irony with Continual Reference to Socrates (critiques Fichte, Schlegel, and Hegel) Feuerbach, The Essence of Christianity 1842 Bruno Bauer, Hegel's Teachings on Religion and Art 1843 Trendelenburg, The Logical Question in Hegel's System Marx, Critique of Hegel's Philosophy of Right (unpublished until after Marx's death) Lotze, Logic 1844 Second expanded edition of Schopenhauer's The World as Will and Representation Marx and Engels, The Holy Family criticized the Young Hegelians 1846 Marx and Engels, The German Ideology (unpublished until 1932) criticized the Young Hegelians 1848 Revolutions of 1848 1851 Schopenhauer, Parerga and Paralipomena 1854 Death of Schelling

Later 1860 Death of Schopenhauer 1865 Stirling, The Secret of Hegel: Being the Hegelian System in Origin Principle, Form and Matter (see: British idealism) Lange, History of Materialism and Critique of its Present Importance (neo-Kantian work) 1874 Nietzsche, Schopenhauer as Educator 1885 Josiah Royce, The Religious Aspect of Philosophy (see: Objective idealism) 1903 G. E. Moore, "The Refutation of Idealism" (see: Analytic philosophy) 1907 Benedetto Croce, What is Living and What is Dead in the Philosophy of Hegel 1912 Paul Tillich, Mysticism and Guilt-Consciousness in Schelling's Philosophical Development (see: Christian existentialism) 1916 Giovanni Gentile, The Theory of Mind as Pure Act (see: Actual idealism) 1917 Franz Rosenzweig, "The Oldest Systematic Program of German Idealism" (first publication of the Lost 1797 unsigned document) 1929 Heidegger, Kant and the Problem of Metaphysics 1936 Heidegger, Schelling's Treatise: On the Essence of Human Freedom 1945 Popper, The Open Society and Its Enemies (criticized Hegel's historicism as totalitarian) 1947 Jean Hyppolite, The Genesis and Structure of the Phenomenology of Spirit Alexandre Kojève, Introduction to the Reading of Hegel: Lectures on Phenomenology of Spirit 1948 Lukács, The Young Hegel 1955 Walter Kaufmann, Hegel: A Reinterpretation 1963 Adorno, Hegel: Three Studies (see: Frankfurt School) 1966 P. F. Strawson, The Bounds of Sense: An Essay on Immanuel Kant’s Critique of Pure Reason (see: Ordinary language philosophy) 1974 Derrida, Glas (see: Deconstruction, Post-structuralism) 1975 Charles Taylor, Hegel 1992 Francis Fukuyama, The End of History and the Last Man

See also Objective idealism Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel bibliography Johann Wolfgang von Goethe bibliography Transcendentalism Hegelianism Kantianism Neo-Kantianism

References

External links Hegel’s Critics at marxists.org