Jean-Claude Courveille, born in Usson-en-Forez on May 15, 1787, and died on September 25, 1866, in Solesmes, was a French Catholic priest.
He is known for his involvement in the "Group of Saint-Irénée" along with the seminarian Étienne Déclas. For his attempts to make himself known as the founder of the Society of Mary (Marists), established by Jean-Claude Colin. For his attempts to make himself known as the founder of the Marist Brothers, established by Saint Marcellin Champagnat. For a miracle and revelations that he said he received from the Virgin Mary (never recognized by the Catholic Church) and for the sexual assaults on a minor that he committed (recognized by the Catholic Church).
Biography
Jean-Claude Courveille was born in Usson-en-Forez on May 15, 1787, and died on September 15, 1866, in Solesmes. His parents Claude Courveille and Marguerite Beynieux (ep. Courveille) were lace merchants. He had a sister, Jeanne Courveille.
During the French Revolution his parents, devout Catholics, hid in their house a statue of the Virgin Mary that was venerated in the village as "Our Lady of Chambriac" and was said to have miraculous powers.
Entrance into religion and the Saint-Irénée Group In 1812, Jean-Claude Courveille entered the seminary of the diocese of Saint-Flour.
In 1814, he entered the seminary of Saint-Irénée of Lyon (as the Concordat had attached his parish of origin to this diocese).
In 1815, Jean-Claude Courveille and Étienne Déclas decided to form a group that brought together the seminarians of the seminary of Saint-Irénée in Lyon, supporting the idea of creating a structure dedicated to the Virgin Mary.
This informal group (without legal value) was nevertheless taken very seriously by its members, for whom it represented a moral commitment. They established and signed a "declaration of intention" on July 23, 1816, in which they pledged to work with all their strength for the establishment of a Society of Mary. The different people who subsequently committed and supported the creation of a society of Mary would sign this declaration of intention. This group would later become known as the "Group of Saint-Irénée."
It would see several of its members successfully create structures, more or less lasting, dedicated to the Virgin Mary; notably Jean-Claude Colin with his Society of Mary (the Marists) and Saint Marcellin Champagnat with the Marist Brothers (which would become one of the four branches of Jean-Claude Colin's Society of Mary).
From 1815 to 1820, Jean-Claude Courveille was, by mutual agreement among the group members, considered as the representative/spokesperson of the Group.
In 1817-1819, the relationships with members of the Group of Saint-Irénée began to deteriorate. He requested that the title of Superior General be officially attached to him, which the other members refused. He then requested that all members of the Group financially support his personal expenses (on the grounds that he was their superior) and fund the mariist projects he had established. The Group members refused again.
Starting in 1820, the figure of Jean-Claude Colin gradually emerged. On June 4, 1826, Jean-Claude Courveille resigned from the Group of Saint-Irénée and his project of the Society of Mary (on September 24, 1836, the election of the very first superior of the Society of Mary took place. Jean-Claude Colin was elected).
Courveille and his Mariist project Jean-Claude Courveille wishes to create the "Most Holy Congregation of Mariists".
The term Mariists combines the Latin suffix "ist/ista" (used to indicate adherence to a certain doctrine) with the root Mari (Mari = Marie in French, Mary, Holy Mary mother of God).
On July 22, 1816, Jean-Claude Courveille was ordained priest and appointed vicar of the parish of Verrières-en-Forez, where he formed the association of " lay association of the Holy Family " that he intends to make the "Third Order of the Mariists".
In 1817-1818, Jean-Claude Courveille claims to have had a revelation. He declares that the king of France, Louis XVIII, would join the Society of Mary (which never happened), and the Virgin Mary would then give him all the power that she possessed. Within the Group of Saint-Irénée and among his hierarchy, reserve start to arise about him.
From 1817 to 1819, he is assigned to Rive-de-Gier. There, he finds a group of female teachers established by his predecessor. He convinces some of them to become the "Sisters of Mary". In Saint-Clair-du-Rhône, he creates a second group of female teachers, "Sisters of Mary". According to his plan, all of them are eventually meant to become Mariist Sisters.
In 1819, Jean-Claude Courveille is appointed parish priest of Épercieux-Saint-Paul. He takes charge of the training of two teachers, with whom he opens a school in the nearby town of Feurs in 1822.
In 1819-1820, Courveille approaches the bishopric of Grenoble to try to establish the "Congregation of Mariists" (the term "Most Holy" is not mentioned in his request). However, this action does not come to fruition.
In 1824, Courveille, according to his project "Congregation of the Mariists," attempted to open a novitiate and establish a community of "missionary priests" who would aid the parish clergy. This attempt failed.
On September 7, 1826, he obtained authorization from the bishop of Grenoble to create a new school called "The Brothers of the Congregation of Mary" in the city of Saint-Clair-du-Rhône (where he established the "Sisters of Mary" in 1817-1819). The Prefect of the department approved and financed the project with 1,600 francs. On December 10, 1826, the municipal council of Saint-Clair-du-Rhône adopted a resolution to finance the school supplies.
In 1827, the school of "The Brothers of the Congregation of Mary" was opened. On this occasion, the Prefect of the department provided additional funding of 2,300 francs.
In 1828, the school of "The Brothers of the Congregation of Mary" was closed. The municipal and prefectural authorities withdrew their support due to negligence in the education and training of children as well as frequent absences.
Letter to Pope Pius VII On January 5, 1822, Jean-Claude Courveille was one of the three signatories of a letter sent to Pope Pius VII. Jean-Claude Colin, a member of the Saint-Irénée Group, has been working since 1817 on a project for the Society of Mary (the Marists). As part of this project, Bishop François-Marie Bigex recommended that he write directly to Pope Pius VII to submit his proposal. Based on this recommendation, the members of the Saint-Irénée Group decided to address a letter to the pope, dated January 5, 1822.
This letter was signed by Jean-Claude Colin (author of the project), Pierre Colin (a priest who acted as secretary within the Saint-Irénée Group and for his brother Jean-Claude Colin), and by Jean-Claude Courveille (representing the entire Saint-Irénée Group). Later on, Jean-Claude Courveille would use this letter to try to claim the foundation of the Society of Mary established by Jean-Claude Colin.
Courveille and the Marist Brothers of the Schools Marcellin Champagnat's project was to establish teaching brothers to catechize and educate children in rural areas. This project, which predates his entry into the seminary and his affiliation to the Saint-Irénée Group, officially began with the training of the first two brothers, Jean-Marie Granjon and Jean-Baptiste Audras, on January 2, 1817. Initially called "Little Brothers of Mary," they later became the "Marist Brothers of the Schools."
On May 12, 1824, Jean-Claude Courveille's request to be transferred from the parish of Épercieux-Saint-Paul to the parish of La Valla-en-Gier, where Marcelin Champagnat was serving, was accepted in order to assist Champagnat in the management of the schools he has opened.
On July 19, 1824, Jean-Claude Courveille distributed informative brochure about the schools established by Marcelin Champagnat, in which he identified himself as "Priest, Superior General" and Champagnat as the "Priest Director." In another letter, addressed directly to the Diocese of Lyon, he presented himself as the "founder of the congregation of the Little Brothers of Mary." These actions were Jean-Claude Courveille's first attempts to claim the foundation of the Little Brothers of Mary established by Marcelin Champagnat.
On July 28, 1824, the Diocese of Lyon sent a letter countering this action and confirming Marcelin Champagnat as the founder.
In 1825, Jean-Claude Courveille tried to exercise direct authority over the brothers and priests involved in the "Little Brothers of Mary" of Marcelin Champagnat. They refused his authority and directives, stating that they only recognized the authority of Marcellin Champagnat. In response to this situation, Jean-Claude Courveille requested a vote among the brothers (excluding the priests) for them to choose a superior between Marcellin Champagnat and himself. The brothers voted unanimously for Champagnat. Jean-Claude Courveille then requested a vote among the priests (three at that time) for them to choose a superior. His request for a vote was rejected and no vote was organized.
In 1826, Jean-Claude Courveille contacted the diocesan authorities to complain by name about Marcelin Champagnat, about the poor training he provided to the brothers, his mismanagement of financial affairs, and the widespread lack of religious discipline observance. Following this report, the vicar general Simon Cattet was sent to inspect Marcelin Champagnat, the brothers, and the schools. In his report, Simon Cattet mentioned that, in his opinion, the training of the brothers involved too much work.
Departure of Jean-Claude Courveille from the Saint-Irénée Group In May 1826, Jean-Claude Courveille decided to go on a pilgrimage to the Aiguebelle Abbey, which was then occupied by the Trappist monks. On June 4, 1826, he wrote a letter to Marcelin Champagnat and Étienne Terraillon (members of the Saint-Irénée Group, currently active priests with Marcelin Champagnat and his Little Brothers of Mary) and requested that it be read to the entire community.
In this letter, Jean-Claude Courveille criticized the differences of opinion concerning "purpose, form, intentions and spirit of the true Society of Mary" as well as the "independence, the lack of submission, and the lack of observance". He also informed them that he wished to become a Trappist monk at the Aiguebelle Abbey and asked them, if they thought his departure was a good thing, to accept his resignation and transfer.
He signed the letter as "Marist founder and Superior general, unworthy priest".
Marcellin Champagnat and Jean-Claude Colin (representing the Saint-Irénée Group at that time) accepted Jean-Claude Courveille's resignation and transfer.
On June 11, 1826, after receiving the letter informing him that his resignation and transfer were accepted, Jean-Claude Courveille left the Aiguebelle Abbey. On June 12, 1826, he arrived in Saint-Chamond and asked to meet with Marcelin Champagnat to request reinstatement among the Little Brothers of Mary and inside the Society of Mary project. However, Marcelin Champagnat refused.
Faced with this refusal, Jean-Claude Courveille asked to meet with the bishop of the diocese of Lyon to request his reassignment by authority to Marcelin Champagnat and his Little Brothers of Mary. However, the bishop refused and informed him that there would be no position for him in the diocese. He did, however, give him a celebret which authorized him to celebrate Mass.
In July 1826, Jean-Claude Courveille went to Cerdon to ask the community of Marist Fathers (a community established on October 29, 1824 by Jean-Claude Colin, in accordance with his project for the Society of Mary) to accept him into their midst. They refused.
Searching for a new parish and sexual assaults